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      Sport modality affects bradycardia level and its mechanisms of control in professional athletes.

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          Abstract

          We investigated the influence of sport modalities in resting bradycardia and its mechanisms of control in highly trained athletes. In addition, the relationships between bradycardia mechanisms and cardiac structural adaptations were tested. Professional male athletes (13 runners, 11 cyclists) were evaluated. Heart rate (HR) was recorded at rest on beat-to-beat basis (ECG). Selective pharmacological blockade was performed with atropine and esmolol. Vagal effect, intrinsic heart rate (IHR), parasympathetic (n) and sympathetic (m) modulations, autonomic influence (AI) and autonomic balance (Abal) were calculated. Plasmatic norepinephrine (high-pressure liquid chromatography) and cardiac structural adaptations (echocardiography) were evaluated. Runners presented lower resting HR, higher vagal effect, parasympathetic modulation (n), AI and IHR than cyclists (P<0.05). Abal, sympathetic modulation (m) and norepinephrine level were similar within athletes regardless of modality. The cardiac chambers were also similar between runners and cyclists (P=0.30). However, cyclists displayed higher septum and posterior wall thickness than runners (P=0.04). Further analysis showed a trend towards inverse correlation between IHR with septum wall thickness and posterior wall thickness (P=0.056). Type of sport influences the resting bradycardia level and its mechanisms of control in professional athletes. Resting bradycardia in runners is mainly dependent on an autonomic mechanism. In contrast, a cyclist's resting bradycardia relies on a non-autonomic mechanism probably associated with combined eccentric and concentric hypertrophy.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Int J Sports Med
          International journal of sports medicine
          1439-3964
          0172-4622
          Oct 2014
          : 35
          : 11
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School of University of São Paulo, Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, São Paulo, Brazil.
          [2 ] Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School of University of São Paulo, Clinical -Arrhythmia Unit, São Paulo, Brazil.
          [3 ] School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, -Biodynamic of the Movement of the Human Body, São Paulo, Brazil.
          [4 ] Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Rochester, United States.
          Article
          10.1055/s-0033-1364024
          24886917
          6fecd6dd-db41-4c65-8aa6-9ad5f8b669d9
          © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
          History

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