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      The association between the socioeconomic status and body pain : A nationwide survey

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          Abstract

          Pain is a significant burden among different communities, but little is known regarding the epidemiology of pain, particularly with respect to socioeconomic status (SES).

          The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of body pain and to identify risk factors of pain in middle-aged and older Chinese.

          The data were extracted from the 2008 Chinese Suboptimal Health Study that consisted of 18,316 Chinese subjects aged 18 to 65 years. Information on SES including occupation and education levels and body pain were collected. A Likert scale was used to evaluate reported body pain. We used the multiple logistic regression model to examine the association between SES and body pain.

          Overall, 65.34% reported body pain (male: 60.93%; female: 69.73%). After adjustments based on sex, age, education, area of residence, marital status, smoking, drinking and health status, the results showed that students (odds ratio [OR] = 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32–1.74) and professionals (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.08–1.37) had significant high risk for body pain, compared with civil servants and farmers (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.55–0.75) who significantly lower risk of body pain. The study demonstrates there is a significant negative association between education and reported body pain.

          The results indicated an association between SES and body pain within the Chinese community. Body pain varied among different Chinese occupation-related population and people with higher education level are less like to have body pain.

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          The prevalence of chronic pain with an analysis of countries with a Human Development Index less than 0.9: a systematic review without meta-analysis.

          Osama A. Tashani, Raga Elzahaf, Zariel I. Johnson … (2012)
          To date, there are no systematic reviews of epidemiological studies of chronic pain in the developing world. To estimate the prevalence of chronic pain worldwide paying particular attention to data from countries with a Human Development Index (HDI) of less than 0.9. A literature search was conducted for cross-sectional surveys of chronic pain (≥3 months) in the adult general population using Medline, Embase, CINAHL, SportDiscus, Sciencedirect, CAS ILLUMINA, Academic search complete, PsycINFO and AMED. Forty-eight studies were identified and 29 of these were excluded because they surveyed children, the elderly or were longitudinal studies. Weighted mean ± SD prevalence of chronic pain worldwide was 30.3% ± 11.7% (19 studies, 65 surveys, 34 countries, 182,019 respondents). There was no correlation between HDI and prevalence. In countries with a HDI < 0.9 prevalence was 33.9% ± 14.5% and significantly higher than prevalence in countries with a HDI of ≥0.9 (29.9% ± 12.7%), although removal of a large study that may have included a sample of individuals with comorbidities reduced the worldwide estimate to 28.0% ± 11.8% (47 surveys, 33 countries, 139,770 participants). Interestingly, the estimate of countries with a HDI < 0.9 to 24.8% ± 8.9% (7 surveys, 7 countries, 6122 participants) became significantly lower than the estimate of countries with a HDI ≥ 0.9 which was 28.1% ± 11.6% (40 surveys, 21 countries, 133,648 participants). The review provides further evidence that the prevalence of chronic pain in the general population is high. However, there was insufficient reliable data to estimate with any certainty the prevalence of chronic pain in countries with an HDI < 0.9 with variability in estimates between surveys being of concern. Subtle differences in review and survey methodology appeared to impact markedly on estimates. There is a need for epidemiological studies that estimate the prevalence of chronic pain in developing countries to determine the scale of the problem.
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            Neck/shoulder pain and low back pain among school teachers in China, prevalence and risk factors

            Pengying Yue, Fengying Liu, Liping Li (2012)
            Background School teachers represent an occupational group among which there appears to be a high prevalence of neck and/or shoulder pain (NSP) and low back pain (LBP). Epidemiological data on NSP and LBP in Chinese teachers are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for NSP and LBP among primary, secondary and high school teachers. Methods In a cross-sectional study of teachers from 7 schools, information on participant demographics, work characteristics, occupational factors and musculoskeletal symptoms and pain were collected. Results Among 893 teachers, the prevalence of NSP and LBP was 48.7% and 45.6% respectively. There was significant association between the level and prevalence of NSP and LBP among teachers in different schools. The prevalence of NSP among female teachers was much higher than that for males. Self-reported NSP was associated with physical exercise (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.86), prolonged standing (1.74, 1.03 to 2.95), sitting (1.76, 1.23 to 2.52) and static posture (2.25, 1.56 to 3.24), and uncomfortable back support (1.77, 1.23 to 2.55). LBP was more consistently associated with twisting posture (1.93, 1.30 to 2.87), uncomfortable back support (1.62, 1.13 to 2.32) and prolonged sitting (1.42, 1.00 to 2.02) and static posture (1.60, 1.11 to 2.31). Conclusions NSP and LBP are common among teachers. There were strong associations with different individual, ergonomic, and occupational factors.
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              Prevalence of chronic pain in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

              Matthew Shotwell, Kelly McQueen, Xue Han … (2015)
              The global burden of chronic pain and disability could be related to unmet surgical needs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to characterise existing data regarding the prevalence and associations of chronic pain in low-income and middle-income countries; this is essential to allow better assessment of its relationship to pre-operative and post-operative pain as emergency and essential surgical services are expanded.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Medicine (Baltimore)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Medicine (Baltimore)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MEDI
                Title: Medicine
                Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Health
                ISSN (Print): 0025-7974
                ISSN (Electronic): 1536-5964
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 March 2020
                Publication date Collection: March 2020
                Volume: 99
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e19454
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Medical Insurance, School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu
                [b ]The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Fuzhou
                [c ]Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
                [d ]School of Health Professions, Division of Public Health, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA
                [e ]Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, AL
                [f ]Texas Health and Science University, Austin, TX
                [g ]School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
                [h ]Robert Stempel College of Public and Social Work, Florida international University, Miami, FL.
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Correspondence: Wenjie Sun, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University; Robert Stempel College of Public and Social Work, Florida international University, Miami, FL 33199 ( e-mails: wsun@ 123456fiu.edu , wsun3@ 123456tulane.edu ); Daihe Yang, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, 350001, Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Fuzhou, China (e-mail: yangdhe@ 123456sina.com ).
                Article
                Publisher ID: MD-D-17-00682 Accession ID: 19454
                DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019454
                PMC ID: 7220486
                PubMed ID: 32195941
                SO-VID: 7013c952-afa6-4478-a98d-26dfa307e8b2
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

                History
                Date received : 6 February 2017
                Date revision received : 6 February 2020
                Date accepted : 6 February 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Key Project Supported by Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions of China
                Award ID: NO. SK2019A0211
                Award Recipient : Tong Yu
                Categories
                Subject: 6600
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Observational Study
                Custom metadata
                OPEN-ACCESS TRUE

                Keywords: socioeconomic status,pain,china
                Data availability:
                Keywords: socioeconomic status, pain, china

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