Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, by February 2020, there was widespread
speculation circulating on social media and in the medical press that treatment with
medications that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system might increase susceptibility
to COVID-19.
1
This concern was not insignificant because, globally, hundreds of millions of people
are treated with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, particularly angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) for hypertension,
heart failure, or chronic kidney disease. Many wondered if they should discontinue
these treatments, and inevitably some will have done.
The concern was fuelled by recognition that the severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gains entry into cells by binding to a component of the
renin-angiotensin system notably ACE2, which is ubiquitously expressed on many cells,
including the lung.
2
Previous studies in rodents had suggested that inhibition of the renin-angiotensin
system could lead to increased cellular expression of ACE2,
3
driving speculation that this might facilitate more efficient viral entry into cells
and thus increase the risk of COVID-19 infection and severity of infection. The situation
was further complicated by a plausible counter hypothesis, that blockade of the renin-angiotensin
system might actually protect against severe outcomes from COVID-19 by upregulating
ACE2, resulting in protective, anti-inflammatory effects in the lung.
4
Indeed, rather than withdrawing ACEIs or ARBs, studies were being initiated to treat
hospitalised patients with COVID-19 with these drugs (eg, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04312009).
Amidst the confusion, specialist clinical organisations issued cautious but reassuring
statements for their patients, urging them not to discontinue their medications, while
emphasising the urgent need for more data.
The scientific response to this dilemma, as for the pandemic in general, has been
remarkable, characterised by global collaboration, scale, and speed. High-quality,
large-scale, case-controlled observational cohort studies reported their results within
weeks, importantly demonstrating that chronic treatment with ACEIs or ARBs was not
associated with increased risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2, or of becoming
hospitalised or dying from COVID-19.5, 6, 7 This provided much-needed reassurance
to clinicians and their patients. However, it is well recognised that observational
studies have important limitations and despite best efforts, they can sometimes lead
to the wrong conclusions due to unmeasured confounding. This limitation of observational
studies was compounded by the fact that we soon became aware that many of the risk
factors for severe COVID-19 disease and death are the same factors that co-segregate
with likelihood of being treated with medications that inhibit the renin-angiotensin
system (eg, advanced age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, heart failure, and chronic
kidney disease).
8
Thus, it was complex to address confounding by indication and its associated multimorbidity,
not to mention unmeasured confounding.
The optimal solution was to confirm the messages coming from the observational studies
with randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Herein lay the next major challenge, could
an RCT be rapidly designed, initiated, and completed to address whether renin-angiotensin
system inhibition was safe to continue, or should be discontinued, in patients hospitalised
with COVID-19? Moreover, this question is not mono-dimensional because renin-angiotensin
system inhibition is usually prescribed for a reason. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin
system improves the outcomes of patients with the aforementioned comorbidities and
thus a decision to withdraw these treatments may not be benign.
In The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, Jordana B Cohen and colleagues
9
report the first results from an RCT (the REPLACE COVID trial) examining the impact
of continuing or withdrawing chronic ACEIs or ARB treatment in 152 patients hospitalised
with COVID-19 across 20 international centres. To compensate for the small size of
the study and to increase power for the primary outcome, they used a hierarchical
global rank score comprising time to the major outcomes of interest in patients with
COVID-19 (ie, ventilation, multiorgan failure or support, or death). Their study showed
that outcomes for patients previously treated with ACEIs or ARBs and hospitalised
for COVID-19 were similar, irrespective of whether their renin-angiotensin system
inhibitor treatment was continued or discontinued during their hospital admission.
Alone, a small study like this one would not provide sufficient reassurance regarding
the impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibition on the outcomes of patients hospitalised
with COVID-19. Nor does it address the question about whether chronic treatment with
renin-angiotensin system inhibition affects the risk of becoming infected in the first
place. However, these new data, allied to the data from the aforementioned large observational
case-controlled studies, does provide a consistent message: that there appears to
be no justification to withdraw renin-angiotensin system inhibitor treatment in the
context of COVID-19. Further reassurance comes from the fact that the conclusions
of this REPLACE COVID trial are broadly consistent with the results from a previously
presented, but as yet unpublished, RCT, the BRACE CORONA study (ClinicalTrials.gov,
NCT04364893), which also tested continuation versus discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs
in 659 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Brazil. This study also found no difference
in outcomes based on days alive or out of hospital 30 days after continuation or discontinuation
of renin-angiotensin system inhibition.
It should be noted that both the REPLACE COVID and BRACE CORONA trials are characterised
by study populations with a younger mean age (62 years and 53 years, respectively)
than we typically see in the most severely ill patients with COVID-19 in many hospitals.
Indeed, the impact of age and comorbidity on outcomes in COVID-19 is clearly evident
from the fact that many fewer people died or had intensive care dependency in the
larger but younger study population of the BRACE CORONA trial than the smaller but
older study population of the REPLACE COVID trial. An important caveat for both studies
is that the data most reliably apply to patients previously receiving ACEIs or ARB
treatment for hypertension and associated conditions, other than for heart failure,
which was an important exclusion criteria for both studies because of the higher perceived
risk of withdrawing the benefits of renin-angiotensin system inhibition in patients
with heart failure.
It is an extraordinary scientific achievement by the investigators, and a remarkably
selfless contribution by the unwell and hospitalised patients who took part in these
studies, that less than a year after we first became aware of this pandemic and the
nature of the virus, we are discussing the results of RCTs that better inform our
clinical practice. The irony is, that alongside these RCTs, we have also discovered
that the COVID-19 RAS-inhibition controversy was most likely ill-founded in the first
place, as recent data suggest that these drugs do not seem to increase ACE2 expression,
especially in the lung, after all.10, 11
© 2021 Juan Gaertner/SPL
2021
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