Comparison of Different Chitosan Lipid Nanoparticles for Improved Ophthalmic Tetrandrine Delivery: Formulation, Characterization, Pharmacokinetic and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The impact of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in molecular biology and drug discovery has expanded dramatically in recent years. These simulations capture the behavior of proteins and other biomolecules in full atomic detail and at very fine temporal resolution. Major improvements in simulation speed, accuracy, and accessibility, together with the proliferation of experimental structural data, have increased the appeal of biomolecular simulation to experimentalists—a trend particularly noticeable in , though certainly not limited to, neuroscience. Simulations have proven valuable in deciphering functional mechanisms of proteins and other biomolecules, in uncovering the structural basis for disease, and in the design and optimization of small molecules, peptides, and proteins. Here we describe in practical terms the types of information MD simulations can provide and the ways in which they typically motivate further experimental work.

Chitosan the second most abundant next to cellulose, naturally occurring amino polysaccharide, derived as a deacetylated form of chitin. Its nontoxic, biocompatible, antibacterial and biodegradable properties have led to significant research towards biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound-healing dressing etc. The primary amine group in chitosan are responsible for its various properties such as cationic nature, controlled drug release, muco-adhesion, in situ gelation, antimicrobial, permeation enhancement etc. This review discusses the various forms of chitosan materials such as beads, films, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanofibers, hydrogels, nanocomposites, etc. as drug delivery device and attempted to report the vast literature available on chitosan based materials in drug delivery applications. Moreover, chitosan derivatives and chitosan nanocomposites with different nanofillers and its application in drug delivery have also been reviewed.

Considerable development in the application of injectable drug delivery systems for cancer therapy has occurred in the last few decades. These improvements include liposomes, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), and other nanoparticles with or without macromolecular conjugates. For example, liposomal doxorubicin modified by poly(ethylene glycol) (Doxil) was the first liposome with anti-cancer effects which was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, whereas Abraxane (modified albumin nanoparticles loaded by paclitaxel) was recently confirmed for the treatment of breast cancer. Recently, drug delivery systems by LNPs are an emerging technology with numerous advantages over conventional liposomes and chemotherapy using free drug treatment of cancer. These properties are biocompatibility, controlled and sustained release of anti-tumor drugs, and lower toxicity. Valuable experiments on these drug delivery systems offer better treatment of multidrug-resistant cancers and lower cardiotoxicity. LNPs have been presented with high functionality in chemotherapeutic targeting of breast and prostate cancer. The basis for this targeting behavior has been shown to be both passive and active targeting. The main objective of this review was an overview of the current position of the liposome-based drug delivery systems in targeted anticancer chemotherapy.