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      Periodontal, metabolic, and cardiovascular disease: Exploring the role of inflammation and mental health

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          Abstract

          Previous evidence connects periodontal disease, a modifiable condition affecting a majority of Americans, with metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This review focuses on the likely mediation of these associations by immune activation and their potential interactions with mental illness. Future longitudinal, and ideally interventional studies, should focus on reciprocal interactions and cascading effects, as well as points for effective preventative and therapeutic interventions across diagnostic domains to reduce morbidity, mortality and improve quality of life.

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          Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization.

          Salim Yusuf, Srinath Reddy, Stephanie Ôunpuu … (2001)
          This two-part article provides an overview of the global burden of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Part I initially discusses the epidemiologic transition which has resulted in a decrease in deaths in childhood due to infections, with a concomitant increase in cardiovascular and other chronic diseases; and then provides estimates of the burden of cardiovascular (CV) diseases with specific focus on the developing countries. Next, we summarize key information on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and indicate that their importance may have been underestimated. Then, we describe overarching factors influencing variations in CVD by ethnicity and region and the influence of urbanization. Part II of this article describes the burden of CV disease by specific region or ethnic group, the risk factors of importance, and possible strategies for prevention.
          Article 0 comments Cited 603 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice.

            Peter Libby, Paul M Ridker, Göran K Hansson (2009)
            Until recently, most envisaged atherosclerosis as a bland arterial collection of cholesterol, complicated by smooth muscle cell accumulation. According to that concept, endothelial denuding injury led to platelet aggregation and release of platelet factors which would trigger the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the arterial intima. These cells would then elaborate an extracellular matrix that would entrap lipoproteins, forming the nidus of the atherosclerotic plaque. Beyond the vascular smooth muscle cells long recognized in atherosclerotic lesions, subsequent investigations identified immune cells and mediators at work in atheromata, implicating inflammation in this disease. Multiple independent pathways of evidence now pinpoint inflammation as a key regulatory process that links multiple risk factors for atherosclerosis and its complications with altered arterial biology. Knowledge has burgeoned regarding the operation of both innate and adaptive arms of immunity in atherogenesis, their interplay, and the balance of stimulatory and inhibitory pathways that regulate their participation in atheroma formation and complication. This revolution in our thinking about the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis has now begun to provide clinical insight and practical tools that may aid patient management. This review provides an update of the role of inflammation in atherogenesis and highlights how translation of these advances in basic science promises to change clinical practice.
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              Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis.

              Richard Darveau (2010)
              Periodontitis, or gum disease, affects millions of people each year. Although it is associated with a defined microbial composition found on the surface of the tooth and tooth root, the contribution of bacteria to disease progression is poorly understood. Commensal bacteria probably induce a protective response that prevents the host from developing disease. However, several bacterial species found in plaque (the 'red-complex' bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola) use various mechanisms to interfere with host defence mechanisms. Furthermore, disease may result from 'community-based' attack on the host. Here, I describe the interaction of the host immune system with the oral bacteria in healthy states and in diseased states.
              Article 0 comments Cited 540 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hina Makkar
                Mark A. Reynolds
                Abhishek Wadhawan
                Aline Dagdag
                Anwar T. Merchant
                Teodor T. Postolache
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 8910839
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 41999
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pteridines
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pteridines
                Title: Pteridines
                ISSN (Print): 0933-4807
                ISSN (Electronic): 2195-4720
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 21 January 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 November 2018
                Publication date (Print): February 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 January 2019
                Volume: 29
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 124-163
                Affiliations
                Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
                Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
                Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
                Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Washington, DC 20032, USA
                Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
                Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
                Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO 80220, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 5, VA Capitol Health Care Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, tpostola@ 123456som.umaryland.edu
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author: Teodor T. Postolache: Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO 80220, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 5, VA Capitol Health Care Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, tpostola@ 123456som.umaryland.edu
                Article
                Manuscript ID: NIHMS1004292
                DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2018-0013
                PMC ID: 6350811
                PubMed ID: 30705520
                SO-VID: 704de12c-4b57-4a34-bc4f-b8048cb1f2a8
                License:

                Open Access. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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                Subject: Article

                Keywords: periodontitis,metabolic syndrome,cardiovascular disease,mental illness,inflammation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: periodontitis, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, mental illness, inflammation

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