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      Physiological and mechanical loads in Portuguese sub-elite football refereeing - a preliminary study Translated title: Carga fisiológica y mecánica en el arbitraje de fútbol sub-élite portugués - uno estudio preliminar Translated title: Carga fisiológica e mecânica em árbitros de futebol sub-elite português - um estudo preliminar

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the variation in physiological and mechanical load in a sub-elite refereeing team, considering the different parts of the match and their role (field referee vs. assistant referees). One field referee (32.57 years) and two assistant referees (31.05 years) were monitored during 4 matches of the Portuguese Championship throughout the 2018-2019 season (senior age category, or adult), using the ZephyrTM BioHarness. The following variables were considered for analysis: skin temperature, respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), percentage of maximum heart rate (%HRmax), posture, activity, and peak acceleration (ACCpeak). The impulse load, expressed as N∙s, was also calculated. No physiological and mechanical differences were observed according to match half, considering the refereeing team members. Significant differences were verified between field referee and assistant referees in the 1st half and the 2nd half and for total match-play: on average, the field referee had higher values for skin temperature (p = 0.016; r = -0.759), HR (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), %HRmax (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), activity (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), and ACCpeak (p = 0.017; r = -0.757). Curiously, no differences were found for impulse load between the field referee and the assistant referees. The football referee's activity profile is both physiologically and mechanically demanding, even at a sub-elite level. Differences between field referee and assistants must be considered in refereeing fitness and conditioning training programs to cope with physical demands of a football match.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la variación de la carga fisiológica y mecánica en un equipo arbitral de sub-élite, considerando las diferentes partes del partido y su rol (árbitro de campo vs. árbitro asistente). Un árbitro de campo (32.57 años) y dos árbitros asistentes (31.05 años) fueron monitoreados durante cuatro juegos del Campeonato de Portugal a lo largo de la temporada 2018-2019 (categoría de edad senior, o adulto), utilizando ZephyrTM BioHarness. Se consideraron para el análisis las siguientes variables: temperatura cutánea, frecuencia respiratoria, frecuencia cardíaca (FC), porcentaje de frecuencia cardíaca máximo (%FCmáx), postura, actividad y pico de aceleración (ACpico). También se calculó la carga de impulso, expresada en N∙s. No se observaron diferencias fisiológicas y mecánicas según la parte del juego, considerando a todos los miembros del equipo arbitral. Se verificaron diferencias significativas entre los árbitros de campo y los árbitros asistentes en la primera y segunda parte y para el total de partido: en promedio, el árbitro de campo mostró valores superiores para temperatura cutánea (p = 0.016; r = -0.759), FC (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), %FCmáx (p = 0.017; r = -0,757), actividad (p = 0,017; r = -0,757) y ACpico (p = 0,017; r = -0,757). Curiosamente, no se encontraron diferencias para la carga de impulso entre el árbitro de campo y los árbitros asistentes. El perfil de actividad del árbitro de fútbol es fisiológica y mecánicamente exigente, incluso en un nivel de sub-élite. Las diferencias entre el árbitro de campo y los asistentes deben ser consideradas nel dibujo de programas de entrenamiento de preparación y acondicionamiento de árbitros para hacer frente a las demandas físicas de un partido de fútbol.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a variação da carga fisiológica e mecânica numa equipa de arbitragem sub-elite, considerando as diferentes partes da partida e o seu papel (árbitro de campo vs. árbitro assistente). Um árbitro de campo (32.57 anos) e dois árbitros assistentes (31.05 anos) foram monitorizados durante quatro jogos do Campeonato de Portugal ao longo da época 2018-2019 (escalão etário sénior, ou adulto), utilizando o ZephyrTM BioHarness. As seguintes variáveis foram consideradas para análise: temperatura cutânea, frequência respiratória (FR), frequência cardíaca (FC), percentagem da frequência cardíaca máxima (%FCmáx), postura, atividade e pico de aceleração (ACpico). A carga de impulso, expressa em N∙s, também foi calculada. Não foram observadas diferenças fisiológicas e mecânicas de acordo com a parte do jogo, considerando todos os membros da equipa de arbitragem. Diferenças significativas foram verificadas entre o árbitro de campo e os árbitros assistentes na 1ª e na 2ª parte e para o total do jogo: em média, o árbitro de campo apresentou valores superiores para a temperatura cutânea (p = 0.016; r = -0.759), FC (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), %FCmáx (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), atividade (p = 0.017; r = -0.757) e ACpico (p = 0.017; r = -0.757). Curiosamente, não foram encontradas diferenças para a carga de impulso entre o árbitro de campo e os árbitros assistentes. O perfil de atividade do árbitro de futebol é fisiológica e mecanicamente exigente, mesmo a um nível de sub-elite. As diferenças entre o árbitro de campo e os assistentes devem ser consideradas na preparação da arbitragem e nos programas de treino e condição física para melhor lidar com as exigências físicas de um jogo de futebol.

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          Most cited references33

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          Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation.

          The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2001, American Psychological Association, 2010) calls for the reporting of effect sizes and their confidence intervals. Estimates of effect size are useful for determining the practical or theoretical importance of an effect, the relative contributions of factors, and the power of an analysis. We surveyed articles published in 2009 and 2010 in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, noting the statistical analyses reported and the associated reporting of effect size estimates. Effect sizes were reported for fewer than half of the analyses; no article reported a confidence interval for an effect size. The most often reported analysis was analysis of variance, and almost half of these reports were not accompanied by effect sizes. Partial η2 was the most commonly reported effect size estimate for analysis of variance. For t tests, 2/3 of the articles did not report an associated effect size estimate; Cohen's d was the most often reported. We provide a straightforward guide to understanding, selecting, calculating, and interpreting effect sizes for many types of data and to methods for calculating effect size confidence intervals and power analysis.
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              Monitoring Athlete Training Loads: Consensus Statement.

              Monitoring the load placed on athletes in both training and competition has become a very hot topic in sport science. Both scientists and coaches routinely monitor training loads using multidisciplinary approaches, and the pursuit of the best methodologies to capture and interpret data has produced an exponential increase in empirical and applied research. Indeed, the field has developed with such speed in recent years that it has given rise to industries aimed at developing new and novel paradigms to allow us to precisely quantify the internal and external loads placed on athletes and to help protect them from injury and ill health. In February 2016, a conference on "Monitoring Athlete Training Loads-The Hows and the Whys" was convened in Doha, Qatar, which brought together experts from around the world to share their applied research and contemporary practices in this rapidly growing field and also to investigate where it may branch to in the future. This consensus statement brings together the key findings and recommendations from this conference in a shared conceptual framework for use by coaches, sport-science and -medicine staff, and other related professionals who have an interest in monitoring athlete training loads and serves to provide an outline on what athlete-load monitoring is and how it is being applied in research and practice, why load monitoring is important and what the underlying rationale and prospective goals of monitoring are, and where athlete-load monitoring is heading in the future.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpd
                Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte
                CPD
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Región de Murcia, Spain )
                1578-8423
                1989-5879
                December 2021
                : 21
                : 3
                : 213-223
                Affiliations
                [2] Leiria orgnameInstituto Politécnico de Leiria orgdiv1School of Higher Education and Social Sciences Portugal
                [1] Coimbra orgnameUniversidade de Coimbra orgdiv1Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2019), Portugal
                [3] orgnameInstituto Politécnico de Santarém orgdiv1Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), Portugal
                Article
                S1578-84232021000300016 S1578-8423(21)02100300016
                7052aedf-ae5d-484c-8a46-df103e3d4f90

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 September 2021
                : 08 February 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                ZephyrTM BioHarness,jogos coletivos,desempenho em jogo,monitorização no terreno,team sports,match performance,field-based monitoring,deportes de equipo,rendimiento en partido,monitoreo de campo

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