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      The Changes of Electromyography in the Upper Trapezius and Supraspinatus of Women College Students According to the Method of Bag-carrying and Weight

      research-article
      , PT, PhD 1 , , PT, PhD 1 , * , , PT, PhD 2
      Journal of Physical Therapy Science
      The Society of Physical Therapy Science
      Carrying type, Bag weight, Electromyographic activity

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          Abstract

          [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in upper extremity muscle activities of women college students' due to method of bag-carrying and weight. [Subjects] Thirty healthy adult females participated in this study. The exclusion criteria were orthopedic or neurologic disease, or a dominant left side. [Methods] Electromyographic activities of the supraspinatus and upper trapezius were recorded bilaterally under two conditions: crossbody bag, ipsilateral bag. [Results] There were no significant differences in the supraspinatus and upper trapezius muscles according to the weight carried; however, there was significant difference in the right supraspinatus and both upper trapezius muscles according to the method of carrying. [Conclusion] An effective backpack safety program for female college students is necessary to educate them how to prevent possible musculoskeletal pain related to the weight carried and the method of carrying from the perspective of an ergonomical approach.

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          Most cited references9

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          Trunk muscle activity in different modes of carrying schoolbags.

          The daily load of carrying schoolbags is influenced by the mode of carriage. Electromyographic (EMG) activity from rectus abdominis and erector spinae was recorded bilaterally in five static conditions: no bag; shoulder bag; backpack; front pack; double pack. Nineteen students carried a load of 15% of their body weight. A double pack, with the load equally distributed in a front and a backpack, showed no significant differences in EMG activity compared with unloaded standing. The activity levels of erector spinae significantly decreased while carrying a backpack and increased with a shoulder bag and a front pack. Rectus abdominis revealed significantly higher EMG levels in the backpack trial. Asymmetrical activity between the right and the left part of the back muscles was clearly observed while carrying a shoulder bag with the weight at the right side of the body. The abdominal muscles revealed a slightly significant asymmetry for the shoulder bag and, surprisingly, also for the backpack. These findings suggest that the physical stresses associated with carrying book bags can be minimized by the design of a double pack. Asymmetry in muscle activity may indicate a failure of trunk stabilization and contribute to the development back pain.
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            The weight and use of schoolbags in New Zealand secondary schools.

            The weight and use of schoolbags amongst 140 students (70 third form students comprising 35 females and 35 males, and 70 sixth form students comprising 35 females and 35 males) from five New Zealand secondary schools was investigated. Third form students, who were smaller in stature and weight than sixth form students, were found to carry 13.2% of their body weight in schoolbags, while sixth form students carried 10.3% of their body weight. Third form students reported carrying their schoolbags for a longer period of time than sixth form students. Third form students also had less access to lockers to store their schoolbooks and supplies as only one of the five schools investigated provided lockers for third form students, whereas four of the five schools provided lockers for sixth form students. Most students used backpacks to transport their supplies, and these were predominantly carried on two shoulders. Heavy schoolbags, long carriage durations and lack of access to lockers amongst third formers, could contribute to the production or maintenance of musculoskeletal symptoms. This study suggests that third form students may be at a higher risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms than sixth form students.
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              Postural effects of symmetrical and asymmetrical loads on the spines of schoolchildren

              The school backpack constitutes a daily load for schoolchildren: we set out to analyse the postural effects of this load, considering trunk rotation, shoulder asymmetry, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and sagittal and frontal decompensation from the plumbline. A group of 43 subjects (mean age = 12.5 ± 0.5 years) were considered: average backpack loads and average time spent getting to/from home/school (7 min) had been determined in a previous study conducted on this population. Children were evaluated by means of an optoelectronic device in different conditions corresponding to their usual everyday school backpack activities: without load; bearing 12 (week maximum) and 8 (week average) kg symmetrical loads; bearing an 8 kg asymmetrical load; after fatigue due to backpack carrying (a 7-minute treadmill walking session bearing an 8 kg symmetrical load). Both types of load induce changes in posture: the symmetrical one in the sagittal plane, without statistical significant differences between 8 and 12 kg, and the asymmetrical one in all anatomical planes. Usual fatigue accentuates sagittal effects, but recovery of all parameters (except lumbar lordosis) follows removal of the load. The backpack load effect on schoolchildren posture should be more carefully evaluated in the future, even if we must bear in mind that laws protect workers to carry heavy loads but not children, and results in the literature support the hypothesis that back pain in youngsters is correlated with back pain in adulthood
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Phys Ther Sci
                J Phys Ther Sci
                JPTS
                Journal of Physical Therapy Science
                The Society of Physical Therapy Science
                0915-5287
                2187-5626
                20 October 2013
                September 2013
                : 25
                : 9
                : 1129-1131
                Affiliations
                [1) ] Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu University Graduate school of Physical Therapy, Daegu University
                [2) ] Department of Physical Therapy, Ulsan College
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Lee Jung-Ho, Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu University Graduate school of Physical Therapy, Daegu University: 15 Naeri-ri, Jinlyang, Gyeongsan-si, Kyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea. TEL: +82 10-2934-5433 E-mail: ljhcivapt@ 123456naver.com
                Article
                jpts-2013-115
                10.1589/jpts.25.1129
                3818749
                24259929
                7059e170-1841-4ec4-998f-0f36f0729d85
                2013©by the Society of Physical Therapy Science

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License.

                History
                : 19 March 2013
                : 26 April 2013
                Categories
                Original

                carrying type,bag weight,electromyographic activity
                carrying type, bag weight, electromyographic activity

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