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      Chromium Speciation in Wastewater and Sewage by Solid-Phase Extraction Using a New Diphenylcarbazone-Incorporated Resin

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          Abstract

          A new procedure for the determination of chromium species in polluted environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry was developed in this work. A new material containing 1,5-diphenylcarbazone included in a polymeric matrix was prepared and employed as a solid-phase extraction material for selective separation of Cr(III) ions under dynamic conditions. Chromium(III) ions were retained on this sorbent with high efficiency and repeatability (95 %, RSD = 1 %) from solutions with pH 9.0. The quantitative recovery of analyte was obtained with 0.1 mol L −1 EDTA. The concentration of Cr(VI) ions was calculated from the difference between the concentration of total chromium and Cr(III) ions. The prepared sorbent exhibits good chemical and mechanical stability, sorption capacity and selectivity towards Cr(III) ions in the presence of Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Ca(II) ions. The accuracy of the separation method was proved by analysis of reference material of wastewater RES 10.2. The developed procedure was applied for chromium speciation analysis in municipal sewage samples.

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          Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation.

          This article includes a survey of chromium (Cr) occurrence in different environmental compartments, its pathways in the environment and the cross-sectional presentation of Cr speciation methods against the background of Cr chemistry. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that knowledge of interconversion processes between different Cr forms is necessary to understand its behaviour and role in the environment, in addition to enabling reliable Cr speciation analysis to be performed. The current methods of Cr speciation are presented, characterized and their usefulness discussed. These must rely on superior separation and detection capabilities since Cr in environmental compartments is mostly at trace or ultra-trace level. The need for using unique techniques of sampling, storage, handling and separation for Cr speciation is documented.
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            Synthesis of Cr(VI)-imprinted poly(4-vinyl pyridine-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) particles: Its adsorption propensity to Cr(VI)

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              Chromium(III)-imprinted silica gel for speciation analysis of chromium in environmental water samples with ICP-MS detection.

              A new chromium(III)-imprinted 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane (AAPTS)-functionalized silica gel sorbent was synthesized by a surface imprinting technique and was employed as a selective solid-phase extraction material for speciation analysis of chromium in environmental water samples prior to its determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The prepared Cr(III)-imprinted silica gel shows the selectivity coefficient of more than 700 for Cr(III) in the presence of Mn(II). The static adsorption capacity of the ion-imprinted and non-imprinted sorbent for Cr(III) were 30.5 mg g(-1) and 13.4 mg g(-1). It was also found that Cr(VI) could be adsorbed at low pH by the prepared imprinted silica gel, and this finding makes it feasible to enrich and determine Cr(VI) at low pH without adding reducing reagents. The imprinted silica gel sorbent offered a fast kinetics for the adsorption and desorption of both chromium species. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of 4.43 pg mL(-1) and 8.30 pg mL(-1) with the relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) of 4.44% and 4.41% (C=0.5 ng mL(-1), n=7) for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were obtained, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the speciation of trace chromium in environmental water samples. To validate the proposed method, two certified reference materials were analyzed and the determined values were in a good agreement with the certified values. The developed method is rapid, selective, sensitive and applicable for the speciation of trace chromium in environmental water samples.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +48 857388093 , blesniew@uwb.edu.pl
                Journal
                Water Air Soil Pollut
                Water Air Soil Pollut
                Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0049-6979
                29 July 2016
                29 July 2016
                2016
                : 227
                : 291
                Affiliations
                Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
                Article
                2974
                10.1007/s11270-016-2974-0
                4967080
                27546922
                707c4dcb-7f86-49de-8da4-85ffae66adc1
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 8 April 2016
                : 4 July 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: Polish National Science Centre
                Award ID: DEC-2012/07/B/ST4/01581
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

                General environmental science
                chromium(iii),separation,functionalized resin,faas,1,5-diphenylcarbazone,environmental analysis

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