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      Governance of the wildlife trade and the prevention of emerging zoonoses: a mixed methods network analysis of transnational organisations, silos, and power dynamics

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The wildlife trade is an important arena for intervention in the prevention of emerging zoonoses, and leading organisations have advocated for more collaborative, multi-sectoral approaches to governance in this area. The aim of this study is to characterise the structure and function of the network of transnational organisations that interact around the governance of wildlife trade for the prevention of emerging zoonoses, and to assess these network characteristics in terms of how they might support or undermine progress on these issues.

          Methods

          This study used a mixed methods social network analysis of transnational organisations. Data were collected between May 2021 and September 2022. Participants were representatives of transnational organisations involved in the governance of wildlife trade and the prevention of emerging zoonoses. An initial seed sample of participants was purposively recruited through professional networks, and snowball sampling was used to identify additional participants. Quantitative data were collected through an online network survey. Measures of centrality (degree, closeness, and betweenness) were calculated and the network’s largest clique was identified and characterised. To understand the extent to which organisations were connected across sectors, homophily by sector was assessed using exponential random graph modelling. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings from the quantitative analysis informed the focus of the qualitative analysis. Qualitative data were explored using thematic analysis.

          Results

          Thirty-seven participants completed the network survey and 17 key informants participated in semi-structured interviews. A total of 69 organisations were identified as belonging to this network. Organisations spanned the animal, human, and environmental health sectors, among others including trade, food and agriculture, and crime. Organisation types included inter-governmental organisations, non-governmental organisations, treaty secretariats, research institutions, and network organisations. Participants emphasised the highly inter-sectoral nature of this topic and the importance of inter-sectoral work, and connections were present across existing sectors. However, there were many barriers to effective interaction, particularly conflicting goals and agendas. Power dynamics also shaped relationships between actors, with the human health sector seen as better resourced and more influential, despite having historically lower engagement than the environmental and animal health sectors around the wildlife trade and its role in emerging zoonoses.

          Conclusion

          The network of transnational organisations focused on the governance of wildlife trade and the prevention of emerging zoonoses is highly multi-sectoral, but despite progress catalysed by the COVID-19 pandemic, barriers still exist for inter-sectoral interaction and coordination. A One Health approach to governance at this level, which has gained traction throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, was shared as a promising mechanism to support a balancing of roles and agendas in this space. However, this must involve agreement around equity, priorities, and clear goal setting to support effective action.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12992-024-01055-7.

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          Most cited references38

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          Using thematic analysis in psychology

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            Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis

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              Modes of Network Governance: Structure, Management, and Effectiveness

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                tpenney@yorku.ca
                Journal
                Global Health
                Global Health
                Globalization and Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1744-8603
                20 June 2024
                20 June 2024
                2024
                : 20
                : 49
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Global Food Systems & Policy Research, School of Global Health, York University, ( https://ror.org/05fq50484) Toronto, ON Canada
                [2 ]Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, ( https://ror.org/05fq50484) Toronto, ON Canada
                [3 ]Global Strategy Lab, York University, ( https://ror.org/05fq50484) Toronto, ON Canada
                [4 ]School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, ( https://ror.org/00cvxb145) Seattle, WA USA
                [5 ]Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, ( https://ror.org/03k1gpj17) Fort Collins, CO USA
                [6 ]School of Health Policy and Management, York University, ( https://ror.org/05fq50484) Toronto, ON Canada
                [7 ]Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, ( https://ror.org/0161xgx34) Montréal, Québec Canada
                [8 ]GRID grid.459278.5, ISNI 0000 0004 4910 4652, Centre de recherche en santé publique de l’Université de Montréal et du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île- de-Montréal, ; Montréal, Québec Canada
                [9 ]School of Public Health, University of Queensland, ( https://ror.org/00rqy9422) Brisbane, QLD Australia
                [10 ]School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, ( https://ror.org/03c4mmv16) Ottawa, Canada
                Article
                1055
                10.1186/s12992-024-01055-7
                11188226
                38902738
                709dbf2d-6cb3-4e07-b4a2-2cddba6ecb57
                © The Author(s) 2024

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 29 September 2023
                : 31 May 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000024, Canadian Institutes of Health Research;
                Award ID: VR5-172686
                Award ID: Health System Impact Fellowship
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013840, Society for Conservation Biology;
                Award ID: David H Smith Conservation Research Fellowship
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024

                Health & Social care
                emerging zoonoses,wildlife trade,global governance,one health,transnational organisations,social network analysis

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