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      Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of essential amino acid α-ketoacid analogues against renal ischemia-reperfusion damage in Wistar rats Translated title: Actividad antiinflamatoria y antioxidante de los α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales en un modelo de daño por isquemia-reperfusión en ratas Wistar

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          Abstract

          Introduction:

          Essential amino acid α-keto acid analogs are used in the treatment of chronic kidney disease to delay the symptoms of uremia. However, it is unknown whether essential amino acid α-keto acid analogs affect the oxidative stress and the inflammation in acute renal injury such as those produced by ischemia-reperfusion.

          Objective:

          To evaluate the effect of essential amino acid α-keto acid analogs on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in Wistar rats.

          Materials and methods:

          Rats were divided into 11 groups (n=6/group): Two groups received physiological saline with or without ischemia-reperfusion injury (45 min/24 h), six groups received essential amino acid α-keto acid analogs (400, 800, or 1,200 mg/kg/24 h/7d) with or without ischemia-reperfusion injury (essential amino acid α-keto acid analogs + ischemia-reperfusion), and two groups received allopurinol (50 mg/kg/24 h/7d) with or without ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochemical markers included creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), renal damage markers (cystatin C, KIM-1, and NGAL), and markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant activity.

          Results:

          The essential amino acid α-keto acid analog- and allopurinol-treated groups had lower levels of creatinine, BUN, renal damage markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and MDA than their corresponding ischemia-reperfusion groups. These changes were related to the essential amino acid α-keto acid analogs dosage. Total antioxidant activity was lower in essential amino acid α-keto acid analog- and allopurinol-treated groups than in the corresponding ischemia-reperfusion groups.

          Conclusions:

          This is a new report on the nephroprotective effects of essential amino acid α-keto acid analogs against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Essential amino acid α-keto acid analogs decreased the levels of biochemical markers, kidney injury markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and MDA while minimizing total antioxidant consumption.

          Resumen

          Introducción.

          Los α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales se utilizan en el tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica para retrasar los síntomas de la uremia. Sin embargo, se desconoce si los α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales afectan el estrés oxidativo y la inflamación en la lesión renal aguda tal como en la producida por la isquemia-reperfusión.

          Objetivo.

          Evaluar el efecto de las α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales sobre la lesión renal por isquemia-reperfusión en ratas Wistar.

          Materiales y métodos.

          Se emplearon 11 grupos de ratas (n=6): dos grupos recibieron solución salina fisiológica con lesión isquemia-reperfusión o sin ella (45 min/24 h), seis grupos recibieron α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales (400, 800 o 1.200 mg/kg/24 h/7d) con lesión isquemia-reperfusión o sin ella (α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales + isquemia-reperfusión), y dos grupos recibieron (50 mg/kg/24 h/7d) con lesión isquemia- reperfusión o sin ella. Los marcadores bioquímicos incluyeron creatinina y nitrógeno ureico en sangre (BUN), citocinas proinflamatorias (IL-1β, IL-6 y TNF-α), marcadores de daño renal (cistatina C, KIM-1 y NGAL) y marcadores del estrés oxidativo como el malondialdehído (MDA) y la actividad antioxidante total.

          Resultados.

          Los grupos tratados con α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales y alopurinol tuvieron niveles inferiores de creatinina, BUN, marcadores de daño renal, citocinas proinflamatorias, actividad antioxidante total y MDA que los grupos isquemia- reperfusión correspondientes. Estos cambios se asociaron con la dosis. La actividad antioxidante total fue menor en los grupos tratados con α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales que en los grupos isquemia-reperfusión correspondientes.

          Conclusiones.

          Este es un nuevo informe de los efectos nefroprotectores de las α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales contra la lesión isquemia-reperfusión. Los α-cetoanálogos de aminoácidos esenciales disminuyeron los niveles de los marcadores bioquímicos, de los de lesión renal, de las citocinas proinflamatorias y el MDA, a la vez que minimizaron el consumo total de antioxidantes.

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          Most cited references21

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          Mouse model of ischemic acute kidney injury: technical notes and tricks.

          Renal ischemia-reperfusion leads to acute kidney injury (AKI), a major kidney disease associated with an increasing prevalence and high mortality rates. A variety of experimental models, both in vitro and in vivo, have been used to study the pathogenic mechanisms of ischemic AKI and to test renoprotective strategies. Among them, the mouse model of renal clamping is popular, mainly due to the availability of transgenic models and the relatively small animal size for drug testing. However, the mouse model is generally less stable, resulting in notable variations in results. Here, we describe a detailed protocol of the mouse model of bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion. We share the lessons and experiences gained from our laboratory in the past decade. We further discuss the technical issues that account for the variability of this model and offer relevant solutions, which may help other investigators to establish a well-controlled, reliable animal model of ischemic AKI.
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            Molecular insights into renal interstitial fibrosis.

            Progressive interstitial fibrosis accompanied by loss of renal tubules and interstitial capillaries typifies all progressive renal diseases. Dynamic and complex, the process evidently overlaps with matrix remodeling; it may even be reversible. The interstitial fibrous tissue comprises several normal and novel matrix proteins, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. Interstitial myofibroblasts are a major site of matrix protein overproduction, although resident fibroblasts, tubular cells, and inflammatory cells may contribute. Inadequate matrix degradation also appears to contribute to the fibrogenic process. Two protease cascades, the metalloproteinases and the plasminogen activator/ plasmin family of serine proteases, are implicated in the turnover of interstitial matrix proteins; upregulated expression of protease inhibitors has been observed in each. Increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels suggest that the intrinsic renal activity of the metalloproteinases and serine proteases are inhibited while matrix proteins accumulate in the interstitium. Several signals that may direct the interstitial fibrogenic process have been identified, but not yet proved to cause it. Upregulated expression of transforming growth factor beta-1, the proteotypic fibrogenic cytokine, has been observed in experimental and human models; it probably does not act alone. There may be supportive roles for platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-1, basic fibroblast growth factor, angiotensin II, and endothelin-1. Although it is not known why interstitial fibrosis compromises renal function, atrophy of renal tubules may be pivotal. Ischemic necrosis and/or apoptosis may generate nonfunctioning atubular and sclerotic glomeruli. Future studies must delineate the molecular basis of the differences between renal repair and renal destruction by fibrosis, two processes that share many common features.
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              Protective effect of rutin on the ischemia/reperfusion induced damage in rat kidney.

              Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are suggested to participate in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the kidney. This study was designed to investigate the effect of rutin, a bioflavonoid, in I/R induced renal injury. Wistar albino rats were unilaterally nephrectomized, and 2 wk later they were subjected to 45 min of left renal pedicle occlusion followed by 3h of reperfusion. Either rutin (1g/kg) or saline was administrated (i.p.) 1h prior to ischemia. At the end of the reperfusion period, kidney samples were taken for determination of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity and histological examination. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were measured for the evaluation of renal function. I/R caused a significant decrease in GSH level and MnSOD activity, which was accompanied by a significant increase in MDA level of kidney tissues. Similarly, serum BUN and creatinine levels, as well as LDH were elevated in the I/R group compared with the control group. Pretreatment of rats with rutin (1g/kg/ i.p.) significantly attenuated renal dysfunction, reduced elevated MDA levels, and restored the depleted MnSOD activity and GSH levels. These beneficial changes in the biochemical parameters were also associated with parallel changes in histopathological appearance. These findings suggest that ROS play a causal role in I/R induced renal injury, and that rutin exerts renal-protective effects, probably by inhibiting ROS and antioxidant activities. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomedica
                Biomedica
                bio
                Biomédica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud
                0120-4157
                2590-7379
                30 June 2020
                June 2020
                : 40
                : 2
                : 336-348
                Affiliations
                [1 ] original Centro Regional de Enfermedades Renales, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México orgdiv1Centro Regional de Enfermedades Renales, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González” orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, México
                [2 ] original Unidad de Hígado, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México orgdiv1Unidad de Hígado, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González” orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, México
                [3 ] original Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, México orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina orgnameUniversidad de Monterrey San Pedro Garza García, México
                [4 ] original Servicio de Trasplantes, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México orgdiv1Servicio de Trasplantes, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González” orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, México
                [5 ] original Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González” orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, México
                [6 ] original Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México orgdiv1Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, México
                [7 ] original Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México orgdiv1Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, México
                [8 ] original Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México normalizedEscuela de Enfermeria del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social orgdiv1Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Monterrey, Mexico
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author: Paula Cordero Pérez, Unidad de Hígado, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Gonzalitos 235 Col. Mitras Centro CP 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México Teléfono: (52) (81) 8329 4205 paucordero@ 123456yahoo.com.mx
                Article
                10.7705/biomedica.4875
                7505519
                32673461
                70a1cc65-3b40-44e7-8a69-e62aa78d46c1

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 01 January 2019
                : 07 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Original Article

                ischemia,reperfusion injury,renal insufficiency, chronic,inflammation,oxidative stress,models, theoretical,isquemia,daño por reperfusión,insuficiencia renal crónica,inflamación,estrés oxidativo,modelos teóricos

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