Haciendo frente a la epidemia de VIH/SIDA en México: ¿Una respuesta organizada?

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Abstract

Objetivo. Analizar los retos y logros de los sistemas de salud mexicano en la lucha contra el VIH/SIDA a 20 años del descubrimiento del virus. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía pertinente para el caso de México. Los tópicos principales revisados son el perfil epidemiológico del VIH/SIDA; las primeras respuestas del sistema y de la sociedad civil hacia la epidemia; la prevención y los comportamientos de riesgo; atención y tratamiento con énfasis en cobertura y normas terapéuticas; y financiamiento y asignación de recursos. Discusión. En México se produjo una rápida respuesta inicial ante la epidemia que contribuyó a mantenerla limitada a ciertos grupos de la población, no obstante, sin garantizar la protección futura de la población general y de los grupos más afectados. Las prácticas sexuales de riesgo se mantienen elevadas tanto en los grupos considerados tradicionalmente con más prácticas de riesgo como entre los jóvenes. A pesar de que la epidemia en México se considera como concentrada, principalmente en hombres que tienes sexo con hombres (HSH) y usuarios de drogas inyectables (UDI), los esfuerzos de prevención no tienen la suficiente focalización: sólo 13% del gasto en prevención se encuentra dirigido a la población de mayor vulnerabilidad para contraer el VIH. Por otra parte, en los últimos años ha habido un incremento importante en materia de provisión de antirretrovirales: el gasto en los mismos pasó de 30 millones en el año 2001 a 367 millones de pesos para el año 2003 alcanzando una cobertura cercana a 100%. Del total del gasto público en VIH/SIDA, 82.4% lo ejerció la seguridad social y el restante 17.6% lo ejerció la Secretaría de Salud; los fondos de la seguridad social se destinan a la atención y tratamiento de alrededor de 50% de las personas viviendo con VIH/SIDA, mientras que de los de la Secretaría de Salud se financia la otra mitad y la mayor parte de los gastos en prevención. Uno de los retos a que se enfrenta el sistema de salud, que ha logrado una cobertura cercana a 100% de atención con antirretrovirales es el cómo proveer de una atención de calidad, con un monitoreo adecuado, promoción de la adhesión y reconocimiento del problema de resistencia y efectos secundarios, sin un incremento explosivo en los costos.

Translated abstract

Objective. To analyze the challenges and accomplishments of the Mexican health system as it faced the HIV/AIDS epidemic over the 20 years since discovery of the virus. Methods. A review of the relevant literature was done. The topics revised were: HIV/AIDS epidemiology, the early response of the health system and civil society, prevention and risk behaviors, care and treatment, and financing and resources allocation. Discussion. In Mexico a rapid initial public response surely contributed to containing any early spread of the epidemic to select populations; whether that spread will continue to be contained is an open question. Sexual risk practices remain high not only among traditional risk populations but also among youth. Even though the epidemic remains concentrated in Mexico, principally among MSM and IDU, only 13% of public HIV prevention funds are directed to key populations at especially high risk of becoming infected or infecting others. In recent years antirretroviral coverage has increased rapidly with funding increasing from 30 to 367 million pesos from 2001 to 2003 and coverage now approaching 100%. Of all health spending on HIV/AIDS in the public sector, 82.4% is spent by the social security institutes and 17.6% by the Ministry of Health. The former provides medical care to about half of PLHA while the latter, in addition to caring for the other half, supports the large majority of prevention expenses. One of the challenges faced by the health system which has largely achieved universal antiretroviral coverage is how to provide quality care with appropriate monitoring, promotion of adherence and recognition and treatment of resistance and adverse effects - without dramatically increasing costs.

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XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda

(2000)

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Epidemiology of HPV infection among Mexican women with normal cervical cytology.

K Shah, N Muñoz, Álvaro Cruz … (2001)

Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and is the most common cancer among Mexican women, but no population-based studies have reported the prevalence and determinants of HPV infection in Mexico. A population-based study was carried out between 1996 and 1999, based on an age-stratified random sample of 1,340 women with normal cytologic diagnoses from 33 municipalities of Morelos State, Mexico. The prevalence of cervical HPV DNA was determined by reverse line blot strip assay to detect 17 cancer-associated and 10 non-cancer-associated HPV types. Two peaks of HPV DNA prevalence were observed. A first peak of 16.7% was observed in the age group under 25 years. HPV DNA prevalence declined to 3.7% in the age group 35-44 years, then increased progressively to 23% among women 65 years and older. Cancer-associated HPV types were the most common in all age groups; non-cancer-associated HPV types were rare in the young and became more common linearly with age. Twenty-four types of HPV were detected; HPV 16, HPV 53, HPV 31 and HPV 18 were the most common, but none was present in more than 1.7% of subjects. The main determinant of infection with both cancer-associated and non-cancer-associated HPV types was the number of sexual partners in all age groups. Less-educated women were at an increased risk of infection with cancer-associated but not with non-cancer-associated HPV types; low socioeconomic status was associated with detection of non-cancer-associated HPV types. Among young women an increasing number of pregnancies was associated with lower HPV detection and among older women low socioeconomic status was related to increased HPV detection, particularly for the age group 35-54 years. Among women with cancer-associated HPV types, there was a higher intensity of polymerase chain reaction signal in younger than in older age groups (p < 0.001). We present additional evidence for the sexually transmitted nature of HPV infection, regardless of age group and HPV type. We confirm previous findings of a second peak of high-risk HPV infections in postmenopausal women, in this case with a clear predominance of cancer-associated HPV types. In populations with this pattern, which can be related to reactivation of latent HPV infections or high previous exposure in older women, screening with HPV testing can have a reduced specificity among older women if proper cut-off points for HPV positivity are not used. Longitudinal studies of immune responses to HPV infection in different age groups are warranted.