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      PREDICTIVE FACTORS FOR THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY IN PATIENTS WITHOUT LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION Translated title: Preditores da evolução da cardiopatia chagásica crônica em pacientes sem disfunção ventricular esquerda

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          Abstract

          The identification of predictors for the progression of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is essential to ensure adequate patient management. This study looked into a non-concurrent cohort of 165 CCC patients between 1985 and 2010 for independent predictors for CCC progression. The outcomes were worsening of the CCC scores and the onset of left ventricular dysfunction assessed by means of echo-Doppler cardiography. Patients were analyzed for social, demographic, epidemiologic, clinical and workup-related variables. A descriptive analysis was conducted, followed by survival curves based on univariate (Kaplan-Meier and Cox’s univariate model) and multivariate (Cox regression model) analysis. Patients were followed from two to 20 years (mean: 8.2). Their mean age was 44.8 years (20-77). Comparing both iterations of the study, in the second there was a statistically significant increase in the PR interval and in the QRS duration, despite a reduction in heart rates (Wilcoxon < 0.01). The predictors for CCC progression in the final regression model were male gender ( HR = 2.81), Holter monitoring showing pauses equal to or greater than two seconds ( HR = 3.02) increased cardiothoracic ratio ( HR = 7.87) and time of use of digitalis ( HR = 1.41). Patients with multiple predictive factors require stricter follow-up and treatment.

          Translated abstract

          A identificação de preditores da progressão da cardiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC) é essencial ao manejo adequado do paciente. Estudo coorte não concorrente de 165 pacientes portadores de CCC entre 1985-2010 quanto a preditores independentes da evolução da CCC. Os desfechos foram piora da classificação da CCC e surgimento de disfunção ventricular esquerda ao ecoDopplercardiograma. Variáveis sócio-demográficas, epidemiológicas, clínicas e propedêuticas foram estudadas e realizadas análise descritiva, análise de sobrevida com análise univariada (Kaplan-Meier e modelo univariado de Cox) e multivariada (modelo de regressão de Cox). O seguimento foi de dois a 20 anos, com média de 8,2 anos. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 44,8 anos (20- 77 anos). Comparando ambos os tempos do estudo, no tempo 2 houve significância estatística do aumento do intervalo PR e da duração do QRS, além da redução da frequência cardíaca (Wilcoxon < 0,01). Os preditores da evolução da CCC no modelo final de regressão foram sexo masculino ( HR = 2,81), pausas iguais ou maiores que dois segundos ao Holter ( HR = 3,02), aumento do índice cardiotorácico ( HR = 7,87) e tempo de uso de digital ( HR = 1,41), destacando-se necessidade de seguimento e tratamento mais rigoroso para os chagásicos que cumulam estes fatores.

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          Development and validation of a risk score for predicting death in Chagas' heart disease.

          Chagas' disease is an important health problem in Latin America, and cardiac involvement is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. We developed a model to predict the risk of death in patients with Chagas' heart disease. We retrospectively evaluated 424 outpatients from a regional Brazilian cohort. The association of potential risk factors with death was tested by Cox proportional-hazards analysis, and a risk score was created. The model was validated in 153 patients from a separate community hospital. During a mean follow-up of 7.9 years, 130 patients in the development cohort died. Six independent prognostic factors were identified, and each was assigned a number of points proportional to its regression coefficient: New York Heart Association class III or IV (5 points), evidence of cardiomegaly on radiography (5 points), left ventricular systolic dysfunction on echocardiography (3 points), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on 24-hour Holter monitoring (3 points), low QRS voltage on electrocardiography (2 points), and male sex (2 points). We calculated risk scores for each patient and defined three risk groups: low risk (0 to 6 points), intermediate risk (7 to 11 points), and high risk (12 to 20 points). In the development cohort, the 10-year mortality rates for these three groups were 10 percent, 44 percent, and 84 percent, respectively. In the validation cohort, the corresponding mortality rates were 9 percent, 37 percent, and 85 percent. The C statistic for the point system was 0.84 in the development cohort and 0.81 in the validation cohort. A simple risk score was developed to predict death in Chagas' heart disease and was validated in an independent cohort. Copyright 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Ten-year incidence of Chagas cardiomyopathy among asymptomatic Trypanosoma cruzi-seropositive former blood donors.

            Very few studies have measured disease penetrance and prognostic factors of Chagas cardiomyopathy among asymptomatic Trypanosoma cruzi-infected persons. We performed a retrospective cohort study among initially healthy blood donors with an index T cruzi-seropositive donation and age-, sex-, and period-matched seronegatives in 1996 to 2002 in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo and Montes Claros. In 2008 to 2010, all subjects underwent medical history, physical examination, ECGs, and echocardiograms. ECG and echocardiogram results were classified by blinded core laboratories, and records with abnormal results were reviewed by a blinded panel of 3 cardiologists who adjudicated the outcome of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Associations with Chagas cardiomyopathy were tested with multivariate logistic regression. Mean follow-up time between index donation and outcome assessment was 10.5 years for the seropositives and 11.1 years for the seronegatives. Among 499 T cruzi seropositives, 120 (24%) had definite Chagas cardiomyopathy, and among 488 T cruzi seronegatives, 24 (5%) had cardiomyopathy, for an incidence difference of 1.85 per 100 person-years attributable to T cruzi infection. Of the 120 seropositives classified as having Chagas cardiomyopathy, only 31 (26%) presented with ejection fraction <50%, and only 11 (9%) were classified as New York Heart Association class II or higher. Chagas cardiomyopathy was associated (P<0.01) with male sex, a history of abnormal ECG, and the presence of an S3 heart sound. There is a substantial annual incidence of Chagas cardiomyopathy among initially asymptomatic T cruzi-seropositive blood donors, although disease was mild at diagnosis.
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              Epidemiology, control and surveillance of Chagas disease: 100 years after its discovery.

              Chagas disease originated millions of years ago as an enzootic infection of wild animals and began to be transmitted to humans as an anthropozoonosis when man invaded wild ecotopes. While evidence of human infection has been found in mummies up to 9,000 years old, endemic Chagas disease became established as a zoonosis only in the last 200-300 years, as triatomines adapted to domestic environments. It is estimated that 15-16 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in Latin America, and 75-90 million are exposed to infection. Control of Chagas disease must be undertaken by interrupting its transmission by vectors and blood transfusions, improving housing and areas surrounding dwellings, providing sanitation education for exposed populations and treating acute and recently infected chronic cases. These measures should be complemented by surveillance and primary, secondary and tertiary care.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo
                Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo
                rimtsp
                Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
                Instituto de Medicina Tropical
                0036-4665
                1678-9946
                Mar-Apr 2015
                Mar-Apr 2015
                : 57
                : 2
                : 153-163
                Affiliations
                [(1) ]Faculdade de Medicina, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Depto. Clínica Médica, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, sala 246, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
                [(2) ]Faculdade de Medicina, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Depto. Medicina Preventiva e Social, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, sala 825, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
                [(3) ]Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
                [(4) ]Faculdade de Medicina, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to: ] Silvana de Araújo Silva, R. Cássia 349/502, Bairro Prado, 30411-140 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Phones: +55 31 9119-8139, +55 31 3281-3115, +55 31 3248-9808. E-mail: silvanadearaujosilva@ 123456hotmail.com

                AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS

                Silvana de Araújo Silva, Eliane Dias Gontijo and Carlos Faria Santos Amaral: Study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the paper; and decision to submit it for publication. João Carlos Pinto Dias: interpretation of data; writing of the paper; and decision to submit it for publication. Camila Gomes de Souza Andrade: collection, writing of the paper.

                Article
                10.1590/S0036-46652015000200009
                4435014
                25923895
                70b91ead-42ed-486c-a30c-fdd3508e9f92

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 05 September 2013
                : 22 July 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 7, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Chagas Disease

                chagas cardiomyopathy,clinical progression,prognosis,cohort studies

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