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      Digitization protocol for scoring reproductive phenology from herbarium specimens of seed plants

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          Abstract

          Premise of the Study

          Herbarium specimens provide a robust record of historical plant phenology (the timing of seasonal events such as flowering or fruiting). However, the difficulty of aggregating phenological data from specimens arises from a lack of standardized scoring methods and definitions for phenological states across the collections community.

          Methods and Results

          To address this problem, we report on a consensus reached by an iDigBio working group of curators, researchers, and data standards experts regarding an efficient scoring protocol and a data‐sharing protocol for reproductive traits available from herbarium specimens of seed plants. The phenological data sets generated can be shared via Darwin Core Archives using the Extended MeasurementOrFact extension.

          Conclusions

          Our hope is that curators and others interested in collecting phenological trait data from specimens will use the recommendations presented here in current and future scoring efforts. New tools for scoring specimens are reviewed.

          Related collections

          Most cited references36

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          Shifts in phenology due to global climate change: the need for a yardstick.

          Climate change has led to shifts in phenology in many species distributed widely across taxonomic groups. It is, however, unclear how we should interpret these shifts without some sort of a yardstick: a measure that will reflect how much a species should be shifting to match the change in its environment caused by climate change. Here, we assume that the shift in the phenology of a species' food abundance is, by a first approximation, an appropriate yardstick. We review the few examples that are available, ranging from birds to marine plankton. In almost all of these examples, the phenology of the focal species shifts either too little (five out of 11) or too much (three out of 11) compared to the yardstick. Thus, many species are becoming mistimed due to climate change. We urge researchers with long-term datasets on phenology to link their data with those that may serve as a yardstick, because documentation of the incidence of climate change-induced mistiming is crucial in assessing the impact of global climate change on the natural world.
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            Plant science. Phenology under global warming.

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              Coupled dynamics of body mass and population growth in response to environmental change.

              Environmental change has altered the phenology, morphological traits and population dynamics of many species. However, the links underlying these joint responses remain largely unknown owing to a paucity of long-term data and the lack of an appropriate analytical framework. Here we investigate the link between phenotypic and demographic responses to environmental change using a new methodology and a long-term (1976-2008) data set from a hibernating mammal (the yellow-bellied marmot) inhabiting a dynamic subalpine habitat. We demonstrate how earlier emergence from hibernation and earlier weaning of young has led to a longer growing season and larger body masses before hibernation. The resulting shift in both the phenotype and the relationship between phenotype and fitness components led to a decline in adult mortality, which in turn triggered an abrupt increase in population size in recent years. Direct and trait-mediated effects of environmental change made comparable contributions to the observed marked increase in population growth. Our results help explain how a shift in phenology can cause simultaneous phenotypic and demographic changes, and highlight the need for a theory integrating ecological and evolutionary dynamics in stochastic environments.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jyost@calpoly.edu
                Journal
                Appl Plant Sci
                Appl Plant Sci
                10.1002/(ISSN)2168-0450
                APS3
                Applications in Plant Sciences
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2168-0450
                28 February 2018
                February 2018
                : 6
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/aps3.2018.6.issue-2 )
                : e1022
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Biological Sciences California Polytechnic State University 1 Grand Avenue San Luis Obispo California 93407 USA
                [ 2 ] Division of Botany Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University P.O. Box 208118 New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
                [ 3 ] Arizona State University School of Life Sciences P.O. Box 874501 Tempe Arizona 85287‐4501 USA
                [ 4 ] iDigBio College of Communication and Information Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
                [ 5 ] Florida Museum of Natural History and Biodiversity Institute University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
                [ 6 ] Boston University Department of Biology 5 Cummington Mall Boston Massachusets 02215 USA
                [ 7 ] La Brea Tar Pits and Museum 5801 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles California 90036 USA
                [ 8 ] Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara California 93106‐9620 USA
                [ 9 ] Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Herbaria 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
                [ 10 ] University of Minnesota Department of Biology Teaching and Learning 515 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
                [ 11 ] Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) 1342 34th Avenue San Francisco California 94122 USA
                [ 12 ] CyVerse University of Arizona 1657 East Helen Street Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
                [ 13 ] Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 20a Inverleith Row Edinburgh EH3 5LR United Kingdom
                [ 14 ] Department of Biology Appalachian State University Boone North Carolina 28608 USA
                [ 15 ] Systematic Botany and Mycology Department of Biology Munich University (LMU) 80638 Munich Germany
                [ 16 ] Department of Biology Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro Tennessee 37138 USA
                [ 17 ] Biology Department Valdosta State University Valdosta Georgia 31698 USA
                [ 18 ] University and Jepson Herbaria University of California Berkeley 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley California 94720 USA
                [ 19 ] Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Unit for Field‐based Forest Research 360 30 Lammhult Sweden
                [ 20 ] USA National Phenology Network University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
                [ 21 ] UC Davis Center for Plant Diversity Plant Sciences M.S. 7, One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
                [ 22 ] Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32304 USA
                [ 23 ] Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley California 94720‐2465 USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Author for correspondence: jyost@ 123456calpoly.edu
                Article
                APS31022
                10.1002/aps3.1022
                5851559
                29732253
                70b93d24-8116-4684-9b8c-7dc92555357a
                © 2018 Yost et al. Applications in Plant Sciences is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Botanical Society of America.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                : 06 September 2017
                : 02 January 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Pages: 11, Words: 8892
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science Foundation
                Award ID: DBI‐1547229
                Award ID: DBI‐0735191
                Award ID: DBI‐1265383
                Award ID: 1458550
                Award ID: DBI‐1410087
                Award ID: DBI‐EF1208835
                Award ID: DEB‐1556768
                Award ID: DBI‐1458264
                Award ID: DBI‐1209149
                Funded by: W. Mellon Foundation
                Funded by: Sibbald Trust
                Funded by: Scottish Government
                Categories
                Protocol Note
                Protocol Notes
                Invited Special Article
                For the Special Issue: Green Digitization: Online Botanical Collections Data Answering Real‐World Questions
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                aps31022
                February 2018
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.3.2.2 mode:remove_FC converted:14.03.2018

                citizen science,digitization workflows,herbarium specimens,ontology,phenology

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