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      The implication of protein malnutrition on cardiovascular control systems in rats

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          Abstract

          The malnutrition in early life is associated with metabolic changes and cardiovascular impairment in adulthood. Deficient protein intake-mediated hypertension has been observed in clinical and experimental studies. In rats, protein malnutrition also increases the blood pressure and enhances heart rate and sympathetic activity. In this review, we discuss the effects of post-weaning protein malnutrition on the resting mean arterial pressure and heart rate and their variabilities, cardiovascular reflexes sensitivity, cardiac autonomic balance, sympathetic and renin-angiotensin activities and neural plasticity during adult life. These insights reveal an interesting prospect on the autonomic modulation underlying the cardiovascular imbalance and provide relevant information on preventing cardiovascular diseases.

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          Most cited references93

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          Functional organization of central pathways regulating the cardiovascular system.

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            Programming by early nutrition: an experimental approach.

            That events during critical or sensitive periods of development may "program" long-term or life-time structure or function of the organism is well recognized. Evidence for programming by nutrition is established in animals, in whom brief pre- or postnatal nutritional manipulations may program adult size, metabolism, blood lipids, diabetes, blood pressure, obesity, atherosclerosis, learning, behavior and life span. Human epidemiological data link potential markers of early nutrition (size at birth or in infancy) to cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in adulthood. However, these retrospective data cannot prove nutritional cause or underpin health policies. After 16 y, however, of ethical, randomized intervention studies of early nutrition in humans with long-term follow-up to test experimentally the nutritional programming hypothesis, we find that humans, like other species, have sensitive windows for nutrition in terms of later outcomes; for instance, perinatal diet influences neurodevelopment and bone mineralization into mid-childhood. Possible biological mechanisms for storing throughout life the "memory" of early nutritional experience and its expression in adulthood include adaptive changes in gene expression, preferential clonal selection of adapted cells in programmed tissues and programmed differential proliferation of tissue cell types. Animal and human evidence supporting nutritional programming has major potential biological and medical significance.
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              Central neural pathways for thermoregulation.

              Central neural circuits orchestrate a homeostatic repertoire to maintain body temperature during environmental temperature challenges and to alter body temperature during the inflammatory response. This review summarizes the functional organization of the neural pathways through which cutaneous thermal receptors alter thermoregulatory effectors: the cutaneous circulation for heat loss, the brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and heart for thermogenesis and species-dependent mechanisms (sweating, panting and saliva spreading) for evaporative heat loss. These effectors are regulated by parallel but distinct, effector-specific neural pathways that share a common peripheral thermal sensory input. The thermal afferent circuits include cutaneous thermal receptors, spinal dorsal horn neurons and lateral parabrachial nucleus neurons projecting to the preoptic area to influence warm-sensitive, inhibitory output neurons which control thermogenesis-promoting neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus that project to premotor neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla, including the raphe pallidus, that descend to provide the excitation necessary to drive thermogenic thermal effectors. A distinct population of warm-sensitive preoptic neurons controls heat loss through an inhibitory input to raphe pallidus neurons controlling cutaneous vasoconstriction.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Physiol
                Front Physiol
                Front. Physiol.
                Frontiers in Physiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-042X
                02 September 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 246
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto Ouro Preto, Brazil
                [2] 2Graduate Program in Biological Sciences – CBIOL/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto Ouro Preto, Brazil
                Author notes

                Edited by: Valdir Andrade Braga, Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil

                Reviewed by: Eduardo Colombari, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil; Josiane Campos Cruz, Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil

                *Correspondence: Deoclécio A. Chianca Jr., Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biological Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil chianca@ 123456nupeb.ufop.br

                This article was submitted to Integrative Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology

                Article
                10.3389/fphys.2015.00246
                4557349
                70e295c6-2a4a-48ad-93aa-cff0645f7890
                Copyright © 2015 Silva, de Menezes and Chianca.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 09 July 2015
                : 17 August 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 102, Pages: 11, Words: 9345
                Categories
                Physiology
                Review

                Anatomy & Physiology
                protein malnutrition,neuroplasticity,sympathetic activity,cardiovascular reflexes,renin-angiotensin system

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