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      Function and Structural Organization of the Replication Protein of Bamboo mosaic virus

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          Abstract

          The genus Potexvirus is one of the eight genera belonging to the family Alphaflexiviridae according to the Virus Taxonomy 2015 released by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( www.ictvonline.org/index.asp). Currently, the genus contains 35 known species including many agricultural important viruses, e.g., Potato virus X (PVX). Members of this genus are characterized by flexuous, filamentous virions of 13 nm in diameter and 470–580 nm in length. A potexvirus has a monopartite positive-strand RNA genome, encoding five open-reading frames (ORFs), with a cap structure at the 5′ end and a poly(A) tail at the 3′ end. Besides PVX, Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) is another potexvirus that has received intensive attention due to the wealth of knowledge on the molecular biology of the virus. In this review, we discuss the enzymatic activities associated with each of the functional domains of the BaMV replication protein, a 155-kDa polypeptide encoded by ORF1. The unique cap formation mechanism, which may be conserved across the alphavirus superfamily, is particularly addressed. The recently identified interactions between the replication protein and the plant host factors are also described.

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          Most cited references64

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          Modification of intracellular membrane structures for virus replication

          Key Points Plus-stranded RNA viruses induce large membrane structures that might support the replication of their genomes. Similarly, cytoplasmic replication of poxviruses (large DNA viruses) occurs in associated membranes. These membranes originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or endosomes. Membrane vesicles that support viral replication are induced by a number of RNA viruses. Similarly, the poxvirus replication site is surrounded by a double-membraned cisterna that is derived from the ER. Analogies to autophagy have been proposed since the finding that autophagy cellular processes involve the formation of double-membrane vesicles. However, molecular evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. Membrane association of the viral replication complex is mediated by the presence of one or more viral proteins that contain sequences which associate with, or integrate into, membranes. Replication-competent membranes might contain viral or cellular proteins that contain amphipathic helices, which could mediate the membrane bending that is required to form spherical vesicles. Whereas poxvirus DNA replication occurs inside the ER-enclosed site, for most RNA viruses the topology of replication is not clear. Preliminary results for some RNA viruses suggest that their replication could also occur inside double-membrane vesicles. We speculate that cytoplasmic replication might occur inside sites that are 'enwrapped' by an ER-derived cisterna, and that these cisternae are open to the cytoplasm. Thus, RNA and DNA viruses could use a common mechanism for replication that involves membrane wrapping by cellular cisternal membranes. We propose that three-dimensional analyses using high-resolution electron-microscopy techniques could be useful for addressing this issue. High-throughput small-interfering-RNA screens should also shed light on molecular requirements for virus-induced membrane modifications.
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            Evolution and taxonomy of positive-strand RNA viruses: implications of comparative analysis of amino acid sequences.

            Despite the rapid mutational change that is typical of positive-strand RNA viruses, enzymes mediating the replication and expression of virus genomes contain arrays of conserved sequence motifs. Proteins with such motifs include RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, putative RNA helicase, chymotrypsin-like and papain-like proteases, and methyltransferases. The genes for these proteins form partially conserved modules in large subsets of viruses. A concept of the virus genome as a relatively evolutionarily stable "core" of housekeeping genes accompanied by a much more flexible "shell" consisting mostly of genes coding for virion components and various accessory proteins is discussed. Shuffling of the "shell" genes including genome reorganization and recombination between remote groups of viruses is considered to be one of the major factors of virus evolution. Multiple alignments for the conserved viral proteins were constructed and used to generate the respective phylogenetic trees. Based primarily on the tentative phylogeny for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is the only universally conserved protein of positive-strand RNA viruses, three large classes of viruses, each consisting of distinct smaller divisions, were delineated. A strong correlation was observed between this grouping and the tentative phylogenies for the other conserved proteins as well as the arrangement of genes encoding these proteins in the virus genome. A comparable correlation with the polymerase phylogeny was not found for genes encoding virion components or for genome expression strategies. It is surmised that several types of arrangement of the "shell" genes as well as basic mechanisms of expression could have evolved independently in different evolutionary lineages. The grouping revealed by phylogenetic analysis may provide the basis for revision of virus classification, and phylogenetic taxonomy of positive-strand RNA viruses is outlined. Some of the phylogenetically derived divisions of positive-strand RNA viruses also include double-stranded RNA viruses, indicating that in certain cases the type of genome nucleic acid may not be a reliable taxonomic criterion for viruses. Hypothetical evolutionary scenarios for positive-strand RNA viruses are proposed. It is hypothesized that all positive-strand RNA viruses and some related double-stranded RNA viruses could have evolved from a common ancestor virus that contained genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a chymotrypsin-related protease that also functioned as the capsid protein, and possibly an RNA helicase.
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              Virus factories: associations of cell organelles for viral replication and morphogenesis

              Abstract Genome replication and assembly of viruses often takes place in specific intracellular compartments where viral components concentrate, thereby increasing the efficiency of the processes. For a number of viruses the formation of ‘factories’ has been described, which consist of perinuclear or cytoplasmic foci that mostly exclude host proteins and organelles but recruit specific cell organelles, building a unique structure. The formation of the viral factory involves a number of complex interactions and signalling events between viral and cell factors. Mitochondria, cytoplasmic membranes and cytoskeletal components frequently participate in the formation of viral factories, supplying basic and common needs for key steps in the viral replication cycle.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                28 March 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 522
                Affiliations
                [1]Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan
                Author notes

                Edited by: Na-Sheng Lin, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology (Academia Sinica), Japan

                Reviewed by: John Hammond, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), USA; Satyanarayana Tatineni, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), USA; Carmen Simón, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain

                *Correspondence: Menghsiao Meng, mhmeng@ 123456dragon.nchu.edu.tw

                This article was submitted to Virology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2017.00522
                5368238
                71120096-5b71-4286-9be0-6441cf970ff1
                Copyright © 2017 Meng and Lee.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 19 December 2016
                : 13 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 67, Pages: 10, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan 10.13039/501100004663
                Award ID: MOST 103-2321-B-005-003
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Review

                Microbiology & Virology
                bamboo mosaic virus,potexvirus,rna-dependent rna polymerase,mrna capping,virus-host interaction,positive-strand rna virus,guanylyltransferase

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