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      Caracterización electrofisiológica y análisis con la escala eFACE de la parálisis facial en el espectro óculo aurículo vertebral Translated title: Electrophysiological characterization and eFACE evaluation in facial palsy associated to the oculo auriculo vertebral spectrum

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivo. El Espectro Óculo Aurículo Vertebral (EOAV) es un conjunto de malformaciones congénitas que incluye malformaciones orbitarias, mandibulares, auriculares, de tejidos blandos, del nervio facial y malformaciones vertebrales. El compromiso de los pares craneales, y más específicamente del nervio facial, se presenta en un 10 a un 45% de los casos. La clasificación de OMENS evalúa la función del nervio facial con parámetros anatómo-clínicos, a diferencia de la escala eFACE que permite determinar la función del nervio facial y la simetría del rostro en reposo y en movimiento. Los estudios electrofisiológicos son los más útiles y objetivos para valorar la función del nervio facial y de sus músculos diana. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una caracterización electrofisiológica y una evaluación con la escala eFACE de la parálisis facial en el EOAV. Material y Método. Estudio observacional descriptivo, prolectivo y transversal que incluye todos los pacientes de nuestra institución con compromiso del nervio facial asociado a EOAV excluyendo aquellos expedientes sin estudios electrofisiológicos. Resultados. Evaluamos 32 pacientes que cumplían criterios de inclusión: 12 varones y 20 mujeres, con edad media de 11.46 años, de los que 17 presentaron parálisis facial izquierda, 14 derecha y 1 bilateral. Según la clasificación de OMENS las ramas superiores del nervio facial estaban comprometidas en 6 pacientes, las inferiores en 3 y todas en 23. En la escala de eFACE obtuvimos un puntaje (score) de reposo promedio de 74, dinámico promedio de 56, periocular promedio de 72, de tercio medio facial y de la sonrisa promedio de 68 y de tercio inferior promedio de 79. Los estudios de neuroconducción del nervio facial reportaron axonopatia motora mixta con compromiso de 3 ramas en 23 pacientes, 2 ramas en 5 y 1 rama en 4 casos; 13 pacientes presentaron compromiso en la rama maseterina del nervio trigémino y 4 en el nervio hipogloso. En la electromiografía 5 pacientes tuvieron ausencia de respuesta en tercio superior, 3 en los músculos de la sonrisa y 7 en los depresores del labio inferior. Conclusiones. La evaluación clínica funcional con la escala de eFACE y la caracterización electrofisiológica de los pacientes con parálisis facial del desarrollo asociada al EOAV permiten determinar el compromiso de las distintas ramas del nervio facial, el estado de la musculatura facial y el compromiso de otros pares craneales.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective. The Oculo Auriculo Vertebral Spectre (OAVS) refers to a series of malformations in the orbit, mandible, ear, facial nerve as well as spine/vertebral defects. Facial nerve compromise is present in up to 10-45% of the cases. OMENS classification evaluates facial nerve function according to clinical parameters, whereas the eFACE scale system provides a graphic output, it evaluates 3 categories static, dynamic, and synkinetic. Further, eletrophysiological studies are currently one of the most useful and objective methods to evaluate nerve viability and target muscles. The aim of this investigation is to conduct an electrophysiological characterization and an evaluation with the eFACE scale in patients with facial palsy associated to OAVS. Methods. All cases of OAVS associated to facial palsy from our institution were included. Each patient was evaluated with the eFACE scale system. We excluded patients without electrophysiological studies. Results. A total of 32 patients were evaluated: 12 male and 20 female, with a mean age of 11.46 years old. Seventeen had a left facial palsy, 14 had right facial palsy and 1 had bilateral involvement. The superior facial nerve branches were affected in 6 patients, 3 had inferior nerve involvement and 23 had involvement of all of the facial nerve branches. According to the eFACE scale, the mean score was 74 (repose) and 56 (dynamic). The peri-ocular score was 72, a mean score of 68 for middle facial third (including smile) and an inferior score of 79. As for the neuroconduction studies, most of them reported a mixed axonopathy, with involvement of 3 branches in 23 patients, 2 branches in 5 and 1 branch in 4 cases. Thirteen patients had involvement of the masseteric nerve branch and 4 in the hypoglossal nerve. As for the electromyography, 5 patients had no activity in the upper third, 3 in the smile muscles and 7 in the depressors. Conclusions. The eFACE scale and electrophysiological characterization of patients with facial palsy associated to OAVS provides useful information regarding the facial nerve's branches involvement and the current state of muscular function, both of utmost importance when clinical evaluation is performed before any type of surgical procedure is planned in this patients.

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          Most cited references21

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          The basics of electromyography.

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            Clinician-Graded Electronic Facial Paralysis Assessment: The eFACE.

            The subjective nature of facial aesthetics and the difficulties associated with quantifying facial function have made outcomes analysis in facial paralysis challenging. Clinicians rely on photographs, subjective descriptions, and scales, limiting assessment, communication among providers, and communication between providers and patients. The authors describe the development and validation of a comprehensive, electronic, clinician-graded facial function scale (eFACE), which generates an overall disfigurement score and offers simple graphic output for clinician communication, assessment of various interventions, and patient understanding. The eFACE application may be used in a variety of electronic devices, including smartphones, tablets, and computers.
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              Prognostic value of electroneurography and electromyography in facial palsy.

              To compare the prognostic value of electroneurography (ENG) and needle electromyography (EMG) to estimate facial function outcome after acute facial palsy. Retrospective study using electrodiagnostic data and medical chart review. Two hundred one patients treated 1995 to 2004 were included. Initial and final facial function was established clinically by the House-Brackmann (HB) scale. ENG results were classified into amplitude loss less than 75% and amplitude loss 75% or greater to predict complete recovery and defective healing, respectively. Initial and follow-up EMG results were classified into neurapraxia and predicted complete recovery. In contrast, axonotmesis/neurotmesis and mixed lesions predicted, by definition, defective healing. : Initial HB was II to IV in 154 patients and V to VI in 47 patients. The etiology was idiopathic palsy in 139, iatrogenic lesion in 29, traumatic in 18, and herpes zoster in 15 patients. Finally, 134 (67%) patients showed a full recovery. Sixty-seven (33%) patients showed signs of defective healing. ENG presented a sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (to predict defective healing), and negative predictive value of 60%, 79%, 73%, 59%, and 80%, respectively. The values for the initial EMG were 66%, 98%, 89%, 91%, and 89%. The best results showed the follow-up EMG with 85%, 100%, 97%, 100%, and 96%. EMG results were not classifiable in 32 (16%) patients. EMG showed higher prognostic values than ENG, especially when repeated during the time course of the facial palsy. ENG might be helpful if the EMG result is not classifiable.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                June 2020
                : 46
                : 2
                : 169-176
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameHospital Ángeles Puebla México
                [3] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital Manuel Gea González orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Plástica México
                [1] Ciudad de Córdoba orgnameHospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Plástica Argentina
                Article
                S0376-78922020000300008 S0376-7892(20)04600200008
                10.4321/s0376-78922020000300006
                7113feef-ab5a-4e95-9f04-a874ce8704eb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 May 2020
                : 11 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Reconstructiva

                Developmental facial palsy,Parálisis facial del desarrollo,Espectro óculo aurículo vertebral,Facial palsy,Parálisis facial,Oculo auriculo vertebral spectre

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