Artificial intelligence speech recognition technology is an important direction in the field of human-computer interaction. The use of speech recognition technology to assist teachers in the correction of spoken English pronunciation in teaching has certain effects and can help students without being constrained by places, time and teachers. Based on artificial intelligence speech recognition technology, this paper improves and analyzes speech recognition algorithms, and uses effective algorithms as the system algorithms of artificial intelligence models. Meanwhile, based on phoneme-level speech error correction, after introducing the basic knowledge, construction and training of acoustic models, the basic process of speech cutting, including the front-end processing of speech and the extraction of feature parameters, is elaborated. In addition, this study designed a control experiment to verify and analyze the artificial intelligence speech recognition correction model. The research results show that the method proposed in this paper has a certain effect.