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      Addressing Minority Stress and Mental Health among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in China

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          Abstract

          Purpose of Review

          Men who have sex with men (MSM) in China experience elevated risks of mental health issues in comparison to the general population in China, which contribute to vulnerability to HIV/STI risks and can comprise the effectiveness of HIV prevention efforts. A conceptual framework for understanding this mental health disparity is minority stress theory, which posits that experiences of external prejudice events (i.e., distal stressors) and internal stress processes such as internalized homophobia and concealment (i.e., proximal stressors) contribute to sexual minorities’ elevated risk of psychological distress. To deepen the understanding of mental health among Chinese MSM and explore the potential utility of minority stress theory in this population, this paper synthesizes research evidence regarding prevalent mental health issues as well as how minority stress may be linked to psychological health in Chinese MSM.

          Recent Findings

          Results indicate that Chinese MSM experience a high prevalence of several mental health issues including depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviors, and alcohol dependence.

          Summary

          This review further reveals minority stress to be an important determinant of psychological distress among Chinese MSM, though evidence is mixed regarding the relationship between proximal minority stress and psychological health. Nonetheless, there is a lack of mental health services and interventions focusing on MSM in China. Culturally relevant, competent, and LGBT-affirmative mental health interventions are needed for Chinese MSM. To guide future intervention research, we provide considerations for reducing minority stress and promoting psychological health among Chinese MSM.

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          Most cited references116

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          The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: a cognitive-affective-behavioral model.

          Many assume that individuals with a hidden stigma escape the difficulties faced by individuals with a visible stigma. However, recent research has shown that individuals with a concealable stigma also face considerable stressors and psychological challenges. The ambiguity of social situations combined with the threat of potential discovery makes possessing a concealable stigma a difficult predicament for many individuals. The increasing amount of research on concealable stigmas necessitates a cohesive model for integrating relevant findings. This article offers a cognitive-affective-behavioral process model for understanding the psychological implications of concealing a stigma. It ends with discussion of potential points of intervention in the model as well as potential future routes for investigation of the model.
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            A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health.

            We provide estimates of several leading US adult health indicators by sexual orientation identity and gender to fill gaps in the current literature. We aggregated data from the 2001-2008 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance surveys (N = 67,359) to examine patterns in self-reported health by sexual orientation identity and gender, using multivariable logistic regression. Compared with heterosexuals, sexual minorities (i.e., gays/lesbians, 2% of sample; bisexuals, 1%) were more likely to report activity limitation, tension or worry, smoking, drug use, asthma, lifetime sexual victimization, and HIV testing, but did not differ on 3-year Papanicolaou tests, lifetime mammography, diabetes, or heart disease. Compared with heterosexuals, bisexuals reported more barriers to health care, current sadness, past-year suicidal ideation, and cardiovascular disease risk. Gay men were less likely to be overweight or obese and to obtain prostate-specific antigen tests, and lesbians were more likely to be obese and to report multiple risks for cardiovascular disease. Binge drinking and lifetime physical intimate partner victimization were more common among bisexual women. Sexual orientation disparities in chronic disease risk, victimization, health care access, mental health, and smoking merit increased attention. More research on heterogeneity in health and health determinants among sexual minorities is needed.
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              Culture, Emotion, and Well-being: Good Feelings in Japan and the United States

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                shufang_sun@brown.edu
                Journal
                Curr HIV/AIDS Rep
                Curr HIV/AIDS Rep
                Current HIV/AIDS Reports
                Springer US (New York )
                1548-3568
                1548-3576
                16 January 2020
                2020
                : 17
                : 1
                : 35-62
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.40263.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9094, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, , Brown University Alpert Medical School, ; 167 Point St, Providence, RI 02906 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.47100.32, ISNI 0000000419368710, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, , Yale School of Public Health, ; New Haven, Connecticut USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.254567.7, ISNI 0000 0000 9075 106X, Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, , University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, ; Columbia, SC 29208 USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.21107.35, ISNI 0000 0001 2171 9311, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, , Brown School of Public Health, ; Providence, RI USA
                Article
                479
                10.1007/s11904-019-00479-w
                7050812
                31950336
                7156b664-2659-40f7-9b53-1adfaade14c7
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Categories
                The Global Epidemic (SH Vermund, Section Editor)
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                china,men who have sex with men,minority stress,stigma,psychological health

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