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      Avances en las técnicas intervencionistas para incrementar la seguridad Translated title: Advances in interventionist techniques to increase safety

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El síndrome lumbociático es una las patologías más frecuentes en la práctica clínica habitual, siendo el dolor lumbar postlaminectomía y el síndrome de estenosis de canal lumbar dos de los principales exponentes. El tratamiento de ambos síndromes es un reto para todos los profesionales que han de tratarlos, no respondiendo en un porcentaje elevado de los casos a la terapia farmacológica ni intervencionistas. En las ocasiones en las que no son efectivos los tratamientos menores ni los farmacológicos, la epiduroscopia es una de las técnicas intervencionistas que se han de emplear, no solo como un arma diagnóstica sino también como un específico tratamiento activo en la liberación de la fibrosis epidural o bien en la eliminación de la hipertrofia del ligamento amarillo. Presentamos una novedad en el empleo de esta terapia que aporta un importante avance que permite aumentar la seguridad de la técnica y ayuda a la localización de estructuras nobles en el espacio epidural por la posibilidad de realizar una estimulación sensorial y motora antes de realizar el tratamiento definitivo, de manera que permitirá diferenciar entre el tejido noble que pretendemos preservar y la fibrosis o el ligamento que pretendemos eliminar.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Lumbosciatic syndrome is one of the most frequent pathologies in the chronic pain clinical practice, being postlaminectomy syndrome and lumbar spinal stenosis two of its major causes. The treatment of these two syndromes represent a challenge for the treating physician, because in a high number of patients they don´t respond to pharmacological therapy or to interventional techniques. When the conservative treatment and the minimally invasive procedures fail to treat the lumbosciatic pain, the epiduroscopy becomes one of the indicated techniques, not only as a diagnostic tool, but as a specific treatment implement that allows the release of epidural fibrosis or the elimination of part of the hypertrophied flavum ligament. In this paper we present a novelty in the use of this therapy, which we consider an important advance to increase the safety of the technique, because of the possibility to locate noble tissue in the epidural space by applying sensitive and motor stimulation before makig any definitive treatment, this allows to differentiate between noble tissue, which we aim to preserve, and fibrosis o ligamentum flavum, which we pretend to eliminate.

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          Application of holmium:YAG laser in epiduroscopy: extended practicabilities in the treatment of chronic back pain syndrome.

          Minimally invasive and endoscopic techniques offer advantages in the treatment of chronic back pain syndrome and may provide for expanded indications and visualization. Epiduroscopy for the visualization of the epidural space still is burdened with technical problems. The mechanical instruments now available, coupled with the narrow working canal, result in marked limitations. The aim of this study was to assess the possibilities and technical requisites for the use of the holmium:YAG laser in lumbar epiduroscopy. Epiduroscopy has been used for visualization of the lumbar epidural space since the 1930s. Studies have been performed to evaluate the effects and possibilities of epiduroscopy in chronic back pain. Most of them only describe the anatomical aspects. Forty-seven patients were epiduroscopied and treated, for findings of corresponding epidural adhesions, with the holmium:YAG laser. The examinations concentrated on the general applicability of the holmium:YAG laser in epiduroscopy and the technical parameters necessary for this procedure. The clinical evaluation of therapy was made prospectively in comparison with the preoperative status and compared to already recorded groups in previous studies. Bending behavior without negative impact of the epiduroscope was only attained with laser fibers less than 300 microm, so a fiber with a diameter of 265 microm was used as the standard. The minimum energy output of the laser required for an adequate ablative effect was 0.8 J at a frequency of 8 Hz. The total energy output was 0.256-1.4 kJ. Complications did not occur intraoperatively nor following the procedure. The follow-up examinations showed no deterioration of the complaints in any patient. There was no occurrence of relevant laser-related edemas or adhesions. The proportion of painful conditions that could be positively influenced corresponded to that in a control group treated only by mechanical means. The results show that the holmium:YAG laser considerably expands therapeutic possibilities and aids in solving the technical problems of epiduroscopy. No negative effects occurred when the laser is used.
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            Spinal endoscopy in chronic low back pain with radiculopathy. A prospective case series.

            All 38 patients listed for day-case spinal endoscopy over a 12-month period (April 1998 - April 1999), who had chronic severe low back pain with a radiculopathic element, were studied prospectively. The mean [range] pain duration before treatment was 10.9 [2-26] years and 50% had failed back surgery syndrome. In all patients in whom treatment was completed (n = 34), the pain-generating nerve roots were located through symptom interaction with the patient. All had epidural scar tissue, 14 (41%) having dense adhesions. Mobilisation of adhesions around the nerve root (neuroplasty) was performed so that a pocket was formed for the subsequent placement of bupivacaine, Depomedrone and clonidine. No intra-operative complications occurred and side-effects were minimal. Follow-up over a 12-month period showed statistically significant reductions in pain scores and disability. Spinal endoscopy may be the diagnostic method of choice for epidural fibrosis. It has substantial therapeutic and research potential. Prospective randomised studies are required.
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              Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Due to a Large Calcified Mass in the Ligamentum Flavum

              We describe a rare case of lumbar spinal stenosis due to a large calcified mass in the ligamentum flavum. This patient presented with a 12-month history of severe right leg pain and intermittent claudication. A computed tomography scan was performed, revealing a large calcified mass on the ligamentum flavum at the right-hand side of the lumbar spinal canal. We performed a laminotomy at the L4/5 level with resection of the calcified mass from the ligamentum flavum. The findings of various analyses suggested that the calcified mass consisted mostly of Ca3(PO4)2 and calcium phosphate intermixed with protein and water. The calcified mass in the ligamentum flavum was causing lumbar spinal stenosis. Surgical decompression by resection of the mass was effective in this patient. The calcified material was composed mainly of elements derived from calcium phosphate. Degenerative changes in the ligamentum flavum of the lumbar spine may have been involved in the production of this calcified mass.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                October 2017
                : 24
                : 5
                : 264-268
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Quirón-Salud orgdiv1Unidad de Dolor España
                Article
                S1134-80462017000500264
                10.20986/resed.2017.3561/2017
                718ef9ac-22b9-4d01-961c-27db8587266d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 January 2017
                : 16 January 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 13, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Epiduroscopia,Resaflex(r),Resablator(r),Epiduroscopy
                Epiduroscopia, Resaflex(r), Resablator(r), Epiduroscopy

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