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      Informeller Zwang in der therapeutischen Beziehung

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Die therapeutische Beziehung ist nicht nur die Grundlage für die Vermittlung jeder medizinischen Behandlung, sondern selbst einer der wirksamsten Faktoren für den Therapieerfolg. Mit der Absicht, die Behandlungsbereitschaft und den Gesundheitszustand eines Patienten zu verbessern, wird im Rahmen der Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung häufig informeller Zwang unterschiedlicher Intensität angewendet. Da dies wahrscheinlich oft eher unreflektiert im Rahmen der klinischen Routine geschieht, besteht das Risiko eines Behandlungsabbruchs als unerwünschte Nebenwirkung der therapeutischen Beziehungsgestaltung. Es ist in der Gesundheitsversorgung daher sehr wichtig, dass sich Ärzte wie auch andere Fachpersonen ihrer eigenen Haltung stets bewusst sind und in der Interaktion mit Patienten reflektiert und der Situation angemessen handeln. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit eigenen Werten und konzeptuellen Grundlagen zur Gestaltung der therapeutischen Beziehung kann dies unterstützen.

          Informal Coercion within the Therapeutic Relationship

          Abstract. The therapeutic relationship is not only the basis for the mediation of any medical intervention, but even one of the most effective factors for successful treatment. Informal coercion of varying intensity is often applied within the therapeutic relationship with the intention to improve compliance and patient’s health. Since this probably oftentimes happens rather uncritically within clinical routine practice, there is the risk of discontinuation of treatment as an unwanted side effect of the therapeutic relationship. Therefore, it is inherently important that doctors and other medical staff be aware of their own attitudes and always interact in a reflected and appropriate way. An examination of one’s own values as well as conceptual issues on the therapeutic relationship can support this challenge.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé. Résumé: La relation thérapeutique est non seulement la base pour la médiation d’un traitement médical, mais un des facteurs les plus efficaces pour le succès d’une thérapie. Avec l’intention d’améliorer la volonté de traitement et la santé d’un patient, la contrainte informelle est souvent appliquée dans le cadre de la relation médecin-patient. Puisque cela se fait souvent d’une façon aveugle dans la pratique quotidienne, il y a le risque d’interruption du traitement comme un effet secondaire indésirable de la relation thérapeutique. Il est donc très important que les médecins ainsi que d’autres professionnels médicaux soient conscients de leurs propres attitudes par rapport à leur interaction avec les patients. Une confrontation avec ses propres valeurs et conceptions de la relation thérapeutique peut soutenir cette exigence.

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          Most cited references17

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          Systematic review of the effects of shared decision-making on patient satisfaction, treatment adherence and health status.

          In the last decade, the clinician-patient relationship has become more of a partnership. There is growing interest in shared decision-making (SDM) in which the clinician and patient go through all phases of the decision-making process together, share treatment preferences, and reach an agreement on treatment choice. The purpose of this review is to determine the extent, quality, and consistency of the evidence about the effectiveness of SDM. This is a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SDM interventions with non-SDM interventions. Eleven RCTs met the required criteria, and were included in this review. The methodological quality of the studies included in this review was high overall. Five RCTs showed no difference between SDM and control, one RCT showed no short-term effects but showed positive longer-term effects, and five RCTs reported a positive effect of SDM on outcome measures. The two studies included of people with mental healthcare problems reported a positive effect of SDM. Despite the considerable interest in applying SDM clinically, little research regarding its effectiveness has been done to date. It has been argued that SDM is particularly suitable for long-term decisions, especially in the context of a chronic illness, and when the intervention contains more than one session. Our results show that under such circumstances, SDM can be an effective method of reaching a treatment agreement. Evidence for the effectiveness of SDM in the context of other types of decisions, or in general, is still inconclusive. Future studies of SDM should probably focus on long-term decisions. (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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            Therapeutic relationships in psychiatry: the basis of therapy or therapy in itself?

            All healthcare is delivered in relationships between professionals and patients, and this relationship is particularly central to mental healthcare. Although fewer studies have been conducted in community psychiatry than in psychological treatments, there is increasing evidence that the therapeutic relationship predicts outcome across various psychiatric settings. The clinician-patient relationship and communication may indirectly improve outcome, e.g. mediated through better treatment adherence. Yet, evidence suggests that these interpersonal processes also have a direct therapeutic effect. Thus, depending on the conceptual model of therapeutic processes they may be seen as therapy in itself. Clinicians receive little specific instruction and supervision in communication skills, and research on the issue is scarce. Whilst there are conceptual and methodological challenges to such research, the aim should be to identify therapeutically effective elements of relationships and communication that can be tested in experimental studies. Although still rare, interventions to improve clinician-patient communication in routine mental healthcare show favourable results. A further step may be adapting established psychological treatment models, such as cognitive behaviour or solution focused therapy, to make routine clinical interactions more therapeutic and evidence based. This would be in the interest of clinicians, in optimizing their therapeutic potential, and patients alike.
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              Therapeutic relationship in the context of perceived coercion in a psychiatric population.

              The relationship between patient and therapist in mental health care is one of the most important treatment factors. It is a reliable predictor of treatment outcome, regardless of diagnosis, setting or of the type of therapy used. On the other hand, influence and coercion occur in patient-physician relationships in psychiatry. We investigated the associations between patients' perceived coercion and the therapeutic relationship. A total of 116 psychiatric patients, who have been admitted to the Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, were interviewed using a structured interview. Data were collected by using Scale To Assess the Therapeutic Relationship (STAR) (therapeutic relationship) and Mac Arthur Admission Experience Survey (AES) (perceived coercion). Associations were investigated using bivariate and multivariate methods. Perceived coercion predicts the patients' appraisal of the therapeutic relationship. We found a moderate relation between the patients' and the clinicians' view of their relationship. Perceived coercion is related to a higher symptom level and a lower level of global functioning at admission, and higher perceived coercion is related to a more negative patient-therapist relationship rated by the patient. Perceived loss of autonomy goes hand in hand with a more negative relationship between the patient and the clinician. This phenomenon has to be impeded, regarding the unambiguous impact relationship quality has on treatment outcome.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                prx
                Praxis
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                1661-8157
                1661-8165
                2016
                : 106
                : 2
                : 91-96
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich
                Author notes
                PD Dr. med. Matthias Jäger, Leitender Arzt, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zürich, E-Mail matthias.jaeger@ 123456puk.zh.ch
                Article
                prx_106_2_91
                10.1024/1661-8157/a002585
                71a8ce13-12ca-4a87-a41a-fe3ceb4f9fa2
                Copyright @ 2016
                History
                : Eingegangen: 23. Juli 2016
                : 12. September 2016
                Categories
                Mini-Review

                General medicine,Medicine,Cardiovascular Medicine,Radiology & Imaging,Respiratory medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Ethik,therapeutic relationship,éthique,droit,Zwang,ethics,law,coercion,relation thérapeutique,Recht,contrainte,Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung

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