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      Los tics y su relación con las dificultades de aprendizaje: estudio longitudinal de la prevalencia de los tics primarios y comorbilidad asociada en población escolar Translated title: Tics and its relationship with academic difficulties: Prevalence of tics and comorbid behavioral disorders in schoolchildren

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          Abstract

          Con el objetivo de estudiar la prevalencia de los trastornos con tics y la asociación con las dificultades de aprendizaje, se realizó un estudio epidemiológico en una muestra de 1.139 escolares. Los resultados señalaron una prevalencia del 16.86% (IC 95% del 14.10 - 19.63). Además se encontraron dificultades académicas en el 11.9% de los escolares, y la presencia de tics en el 8.6%. La presencia de trastornos de tics no se asoció con el bajo rendimiento académico en la cohorte. Los resultados obtenidos fueron contradictorios con relación a otros estudios publicados anteriormente. Como consecuencia de la divergencia en los resultados, se diseña un segundo estudio, que toma como punto de partida el seguimiento longitudinal de la cohorte de los escolares estudiados. En el análisis de regresión de Cox, durante el periodo de seguimiento de 4 años, la repetición de curso se asoció con una menor frecuencia de apoyo psicológico en el centro escolar (HR = 17.5; IC del 95% 5.7 a 53.9) y menor practica de deporte (HR = 4.02, 95% CI 01/03 a 11/08). No se encontró una asociación entre los tics y mayor riesgo de repetir curso.

          Translated abstract

          In order to study the prevalence of tic disorders and their association with learning difficulties, we conducted an epidemiological study based on a sample of 1,139 schoolchildren. The results showed a prevalence of 16.86% (95% CI 14.10 to 19.63). Besides we found academic difficulties at 11.9% of schoolchildren, and the presence of tics at 8.6%. The presence of tic disorders was not associated with a poor school performance in the cohort. The results were contradictory in relation to other previously published studies. As a consequence of the divergence in the results, we designed a second study, which takes as its starting point the longitudinal follow-up of the cohort studied. In the Cox regression analysis, during the follow-up period of 4 years, the repetition of an academic year was associated with a lower frequency of psychological support at school (HR = 17.5; 95% CI 5.7 to 53 9) and a lower sports practice (HR = 4.02, 95% CI 01/03 to 11/08). We don't found an association between tics and a higher frequency of repeat an academic year.

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          Prospective, longitudinal study of tic, obsessive-compulsive, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in an epidemiological sample.

          Understanding the interrelatedness of tics, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been complicated by studying only cross-sectional samples of clinically referred subjects. The authors report the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of these disorders in an epidemiological sample of children followed prospectively into early adulthood. Structured diagnostic interview information was acquired on 976 children, aged 1 to 10 years, who were randomly selected from families living in upstate New York in 1975. Reassessments were acquired in 776 of these subjects 8, 10, and 15 years later. Diagnostic prevalences were estimated at each time point. The associations among tics, OCD, and ADHD were assessed within and across time points, as were their associations with comorbid illnesses and demographic risk factors. In temporal cross-section, tics and ADHD symptoms were associated with OCD symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood after demographic features and comorbid psychiatric symptoms were controlled. In prospective analyses, tics in childhood and early adolescence predicted an increase in OCD symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood. ADHD symptoms in adolescence predicted more OCD symptoms in early adulthood, and OCD in adolescence predicted more ADHD symptoms in adulthood. The associations of tics with ADHD were unimpressive in temporal cross-section and were not significant in prospective analyses. Tics, OCD, and ADHD shared numerous complex associations with demographic and psychopathological risk factors. ADHD was associated with lower IQ and lower social status, whereas OCD was associated with higher IQ. Tics and OCD were significantly associated in this sample, as were OCD and ADHD. These findings are in general consistent with those from family studies, and they help to define the natural history, comorbid illnesses, and interrelatedness of these conditions.
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            Prevalence of tics in schoolchildren and association with placement in special education.

            Based on the knowledge that Tourette's syndrome (TS) is associated with several clinical features that can impair school function and growing evidence that the disorder is much more common than previously thought, the authors hypothesized that TS and related tic disorders would be associated with school problems in the childhood population at large. Direct, blinded (to educational placement) interviews of 1,596 schoolchildren in Monroe County, Rochester, NY, were conducted. Twenty-seven percent of 341 students classified as receiving special education (SpEd) had tics compared with 19.7% (p = 0.008) of 1,255 students in regular classroom programs (RegEd). The weighted prevalence estimates for tics were 23.4% in SpEd and 18.5% in RegEd. A higher percentage of students in SpEd (7.0%) met diagnostic criteria for TS than students in RegEd (3.8%; p = 0.01). Although possibly influenced by selection bias, our results indicate that tic disorders are common in children and are highly associated with school dysfunction. Tics may represent an identifiable sign of an underlying brain developmental disorder that contributes to academic difficulties.
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              Prevalence of tics in schoolchildren in central Spain: a population-based study.

              Tic disorders constitute a neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. This study sought to determine the prevalence of tic disorders in a school-based sample. A randomized sample of 1158 schoolchildren, based on clusters (classrooms) in the province of Burgos (Spain), was identified on a stratified sampling frame combining types of educational center and setting (mainstream schools and special education), using a two-phase approach (screening and diagnosis ascertainment by a neurologist). Tics with/without impairment criterion were diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. In mainstream schools, tics were observed in 125/741 students (16.86%; 95% confidence interval, 14.10-19.63), and were more frequent in boys (87/448, 19.42%; 95% confidence interval, 15.64-23.19) compared with girls (38/293, 12.96%; 95% confidence interval, 8.95-16.98; P = 0.03). In special education centers, tics disorders were observed in 11/54 of children (20.37%; 95% confidence interval, 8.70-32.03). Overall, tics with impairment criteria were less frequent than tics without impairment criteria (4.65% vs 11.85%, P < 0.0001). The most frequent diagnoses involved chronic motor tics (6.07%) and Tourette syndrome (5.26%). Tic disorders are common in childhood, and the use or nonuse of impairment criteria exerts a significant impact on tic prevalence estimates.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                up
                Universitas Psychologica
                Univ. Psychol.
                Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, , Colombia )
                1657-9267
                December 2016
                : 15
                : spe5
                : 1-7
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de Burgos España
                [03] orgnameUniversidad de Burgos España
                [01] orgnameHospital Universitario de Burgos España
                Article
                S1657-92672016000500021
                10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-5.trda
                71ca9a2f-82d6-4f02-b750-bdb0b0854852

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 April 2016
                : 21 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                motor disorders,trastornos motores,Dificultades escolares,neurodevelopmental disorders,tics,trastornos con tics,school difficulties,Movement disorders,movement disorders,trastornos del movimiento,trastornos del neurodesarrollo

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