In vitro  and  in vivo  anticandidal activities of alginate-enclosed chitosan–calcium phosphate-loaded Fe-bovine lactoferrin nanocapsules

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Abstract

Aim:

To study the in vitro and in vivo anticandidal activity of nanocapsulated bovine lactoferrin.

Materials & methods:

In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities were conducted to study the anticandidal activities of nanocapsules (NCs).

Results:

The NCs showed good anticandidal activities. The disruption of cell wall and cell membrane was noted via microscopy studies. The NCs changed the normal growth profile of Candida albicans. NCs reduced the colony forming unit in kidney and blood samples. Histopathological examination showed better cell structure and coordination compared with untreated mice kidney. NCs also enhanced the natural killing properties of C. albicans by epithelial cells.

Conclusion:

NCs have effective anticandidal properties and have the potential as a therapeutic agent against candidiasis.

Lay abstract

Previous study revealed that lactoferrin had potent anticandidal action against C. albicans. However, encapsulated lactoferrin has never been tested for anticandidal activity in detail. In the present study, we evaluate nanocapsulated lactoferrin for anticandidal effects. To observe the anticandidal properties of encapsulated lactoferrin, various studies were conducted. Our findings showed that encapsulated lactoferrin demonstrates remarkable efficacy against C. albicans.

Abstract

Most cited references 51

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Environmental sensing and signal transduction pathways regulating morphopathogenic determinants of Candida albicans.

Subhrajit Biswas, Patrick Van Dijck, Asis Datta (2007)

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is found in the normal gastrointestinal flora of most healthy humans. However, under certain environmental conditions, it can become a life-threatening pathogen. The shift from commensal organism to pathogen is often correlated with the capacity to undergo morphogenesis. Indeed, under certain conditions, including growth at ambient temperature, the presence of serum or N-acetylglucosamine, neutral pH, and nutrient starvation, C. albicans can undergo reversible transitions from the yeast form to the mycelial form. This morphological plasticity reflects the interplay of various signal transduction pathways, either stimulating or repressing hyphal formation. In this review, we provide an overview of the different sensing and signaling pathways involved in the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of C. albicans. Where appropriate, we compare the analogous pathways/genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an attempt to highlight the evolution of the different components of the two organisms. The downstream components of these pathways, some of which may be interesting antifungal targets, are also discussed.

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Invasive fungal infections: a review of epidemiology and management options.

D A Enoch, H A Ludlam, N. Brown (2006)

Fungi are increasingly recognised as major pathogens in critically ill patients. Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. are the yeasts most frequently isolated in clinical practice. The most frequent filamentous fungi (moulds) isolated are Aspergillus spp., but Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Penicillium spp., and Zygomycetes are increasingly seen. Several reasons have been proposed for the increase in invasive fungal infections, including the use of antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agents, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and prosthetic devices and grafts, and more aggressive surgery. Patients with burns, neutropenia, HIV infection and pancreatitis are also predisposed to fungal infection. The epidemiology and clinical features of fungal infections are reviewed, together with antifungal agents currently or soon to be available.

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Antimicrobial peptides as mediators of epithelial host defense.

K Huttner, Charles Bevins (1999)

Mammalian epithelial surfaces are remarkable for their ability to provide critical physiologic functions in the face of frequent microbial challenges. The fact that these mucosal surfaces remain infection-free in the normal host suggests that highly effective mechanisms of host defense have evolved to protect these environmentally exposed tissues. Throughout the animal and plant kingdoms, endogenous genetically encoded antimicrobial peptides have been shown to be key elements in the response to epithelial compromise and microbial invasion. In mammals, a variety of such peptides have been identified, including the well-characterized defensins and cathelicidins. A major source of these host defense molecules is circulating phagocytic leukocytes. However, more recently, it has been shown that resident epithelial cells of the skin and respiratory, alimentary, and genitourinary tracts also synthesize and release antimicrobial peptides. Both in vitro and in vivo data support the hypothesis that these molecules are important contributors to intrinsic mucosal immunity. Alterations in their level of expression or biologic activity can predispose the organism to microbial infection. The regulatory and developmental aspects of antimicrobial peptide synthesis are discussed from a perspective that emphasizes the possible relevance to pediatric medicine.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Future Sci OA

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Future Sci OA

Journal ID (publisher-id): FSO

Title: Future Science OA

Publisher: Future Science Ltd (London, UK )

ISSN (Electronic): 2056-5623

Publication date Collection: February 2018

Publication date (Electronic): 16 November 2017

Volume: 4

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: FSO257

Affiliations

[1 ]Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

[2 ]Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia

Author notes

*Author for correspondence: Tel.: +60 46 534 820; Fax: +60 46 534 003; srisasidharan@ 123456yahoo.com

**Author for correspondence: Tel.: +61 3 5227 1148; Fax: +61 3 5227 3402; jagat.kanwar@ 123456deakin.edu.au

Article

DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0085

PMC ID: 5778379

SO-VID: 71dc61e7-ad59-4980-8f51-6859caa641a5

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

History

Date received : 05 July 2017

Date accepted : 27 September 2017

In vitro and in vivo anticandidal activities of alginate-enclosed chitosan–calcium phosphate-loaded Fe-bovine lactoferrin nanocapsules

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Abstract

Aim:

Materials & methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Lay abstract

Abstract

Most cited references 51

Environmental sensing and signal transduction pathways regulating morphopathogenic determinants of Candida albicans.

Invasive fungal infections: a review of epidemiology and management options.

Antimicrobial peptides as mediators of epithelial host defense.

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