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      The repellency of lemongrass oil against stable flies, tested using video tracking Translated title: Activité répulsive de l’huile essentielle de citronnelle contre les stomoxes, testée par tracking vidéo

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          Abstract

          Lemongrass oil ( Cymbopogon citratus) is an effective repellent against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). In this study, its effectiveness was assessed on stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in laboratory conditions. First, we demonstrated that lemongrass oil is an active substance for antennal olfactory receptor cells of Stomoxys calcitrans as indicated by a significant increase in the electroantennogram responses to increasing doses of lemongrass oil. Feeding-choice tests in a flight cage with stable flies having access to two blood-soaked sanitary pads, one of which was treated with lemongrass oil, showed that stable flies ( n = 24) spent significantly more time in the untreated zone (median value = 218.4 s) than in the treated zone (median value = 63.7 s). No stable flies fed on the treated pad, whereas nine fed on the untreated pad. These results suggest that lemongrass oil could be used as an effective repellent against stable flies. Additional studies to confirm its spatial repellent and feeding deterrent effects are warranted.

          Translated abstract

          L’huile essentielle de Cymbopogon citratus est un répulsif actif contre les moustiques (Diptera : Culicidae) et les mouches domestiques (Diptera : Muscidae). Dans cette étude, nous avons testé son efficacité contre les stomoxes (Diptera : Muscidae) en laboratoire. Nous avons tout d’abord démontré par électroantennographie (EAG) que l’huile essentielle de C. citratus était une substance active sur les récepteurs olfactifs des antennes de Stomoxys calcitrans, par la mise en évidence d’une augmentation significative des réponses EAG à des doses croissantes d’huile essentielle. Des tests de choix réalisés en cage de vol avec des stomoxes ayant à disposition deux supports imprégnés de sang, l’un ayant été traité avec de l’huile essentielle, montrent que les stomoxes ( n = 24) ont passé significativement plus de temps dans la zone non traitée (valeur médiane = 218,4 s) que dans la zone traitée (valeur médiane = 63,7 s). Aucun stomoxe ne s’est nourri sur le support traité alors que neuf stomoxes se sont nourris sur le support non traité. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’huile essentielle de C. citratus pourrait être utilisée comme répulsif contre les stomoxes. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour confirmer ses effets répulsifs et anti-gorgement.

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          Most cited references28

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          Repellent activity of essential oils: a review.

          Currently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control insects and arthropods raises several concerns related to environment and human health. An alternative is to use natural products that possess good efficacy and are environmentally friendly. Among those chemicals, essential oils from plants belonging to several species have been extensively tested to assess their repellent properties as a valuable natural resource. The essential oils whose repellent activities have been demonstrated, as well as the importance of the synergistic effects among their components are the main focus of this review. Essential oils are volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons with a diversity of functional groups, and their repellent activity has been linked to the presence of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, in some cases, these chemicals can work synergistically, improving their effectiveness. In addition, the use of other natural products in the mixture, such as vanillin, could increase the protection time, potentiating the repellent effect of some essential oils. Among the plant families with promising essential oils used as repellents, Cymbopogon spp., Ocimum spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are the most cited. Individual compounds present in these mixtures with high repellent activity include alpha-pinene, limonene, citronellol, citronellal, camphor and thymol. Finally, although from an economical point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents than essential oils, these natural products have the potential to provide efficient, and safer repellents for humans and the environment.
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            Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli.

            Key biotic and environmental constraints on the host-orientated behaviour of haematophagous Diptera are summarized. For each major group of biting Diptera, responses to host stimuli are reviewed, including activation and ranging behaviour, long-range and short-range olfactory responses and visual responses. Limitations to the comparison of results between groups of species, and the practical problems of experimental method and equipment are discussed.
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              A portrait of locomotor behaviour in Drosophila determined by a video-tracking paradigm.

              This paper presents a detailed characterisation of locomotor behaviour of a single Drosophila fly freely walking in a small square arena. Locomotor activity is monitored by a video-tracking paradigm. Multiple parameters are extracted to construct the portrait of locomotor activity: the total distance moved, the number of episodes of activity and inactivity, the duration of activity, and the mean walking speed. To initiate a quantification of the fly's spatial walking movements, the number of passages in a virtual centre zone has also been determined. Moreover, to reveal the trajectory, as an index of fly's navigation ability, the turning angle, the angular velocity and the meander have been measured. Finally, we show that the number of episodes of inactivity as function of their duration follows a power law, while its counterpart, the episodes of activity does not, suggesting that the overall pattern of locomotor activity adheres to a fractal-like structure. Remarkably, the majority of these parameters are sexually dimorphic. This fine description of locomotor activity represents a new tool which will facilitate the study of the role of the different brain structures in the organisation of locomotor activity and the localisation of the fly's central pattern generator for locomotion and its motivational control.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2013
                13 June 2013
                : 20
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2013/01 )
                : 21
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Dynamique et Gouvernance des Systèmes Écologiques, Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, Université Paul-Valéry (UM3) Montpellier France
                [2 ] Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale Vétérinaire (ENVT) Toulouse France
                [3 ] Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UR-Hortsys Montpellier France
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: frederic.baldacchino@ 123456yahoo.fr
                Article
                parasite130015 10.1051/parasite/2013021
                10.1051/parasite/2013021
                3718533
                23759542
                71e5a6b8-9840-45c9-8641-20dc3845b913
                © F. Baldacchino et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2013

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 February 2013
                : 31 May 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Research Article

                stomoxys calcitrans,stable fly,repellent,lemongrass,cymbopogon citratus,video tracking

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