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      Towards a global understanding of the drivers of marine and terrestrial biodiversity

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          Abstract

          Understanding the distribution of life’s variety has driven naturalists and scientists for centuries, yet this has been constrained both by the available data and the models needed for their analysis. Here we compiled data for over 67,000 marine and terrestrial species and used artificial neural networks to model species richness with the state and variability of climate, productivity, and multiple other environmental variables. We find terrestrial diversity is better predicted by the available environmental drivers than is marine diversity, and that marine diversity can be predicted with a smaller set of variables. Ecological mechanisms such as geographic isolation and structural complexity appear to explain model residuals and also identify regions and processes that deserve further attention at the global scale. Improving estimates of the relationships between the patterns of global biodiversity, and the environmental mechanisms that support them, should help in efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change and provide guidance for adapting to life in the Anthropocene.

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          Most cited references42

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          On Bird Species Diversity

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            Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components

            C Field (1998)
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              Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean.

              Pelagic marine predators face unprecedented challenges and uncertain futures. Overexploitation and climate variability impact the abundance and distribution of top predators in ocean ecosystems. Improved understanding of ecological patterns, evolutionary constraints and ecosystem function is critical for preventing extinctions, loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystem services. Recent advances in electronic tagging techniques have provided the capacity to observe the movements and long-distance migrations of animals in relation to ocean processes across a range of ecological scales. Tagging of Pacific Predators, a field programme of the Census of Marine Life, deployed 4,306 tags on 23 species in the North Pacific Ocean, resulting in a tracking data set of unprecedented scale and species diversity that covers 265,386 tracking days from 2000 to 2009. Here we report migration pathways, link ocean features to multispecies hotspots and illustrate niche partitioning within and among congener guilds. Our results indicate that the California Current large marine ecosystem and the North Pacific transition zone attract and retain a diverse assemblage of marine vertebrates. Within the California Current large marine ecosystem, several predator guilds seasonally undertake north-south migrations that may be driven by oceanic processes, species-specific thermal tolerances and shifts in prey distributions. We identify critical habitats across multinational boundaries and show that top predators exploit their environment in predictable ways, providing the foundation for spatial management of large marine ecosystems. ©2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                5 February 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 2
                : e0228065
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, United States of America
                [2 ] Nippon Foundation, Nereus Program and Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
                [3 ] IPÊ—Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
                [4 ] terraPulse, Inc., North Potomac, Rockville, MD, United States of America
                [5 ] NOAA, Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, United States of America
                [6 ] Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
                Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, AUSTRALIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have read the journal's policies and declare the following competing interest: JS has a commercial affiliation (terraPulse, Inc.) and is a paid employee of terraPulse, Inc. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8584-6368
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2198-0637
                Article
                PONE-D-19-15114
                10.1371/journal.pone.0228065
                7001915
                32023269
                71e63411-c228-4674-9a91-105c7ec7fe81

                This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.

                History
                : 28 May 2019
                : 7 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Pages: 17
                Funding
                This work was supported by a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) to KV and by generous contributions to the Monterey Bay Aquarium a non-profit, 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. terraPulse Inc., an incorporated research services company, provided support in the form of salaries for JS, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of the authors are articulated in the Author Contributions section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Biodiversity
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Biodiversity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Artificial Intelligence
                Artificial Neural Networks
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Computational Biology
                Computational Neuroscience
                Artificial Neural Networks
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Computational Neuroscience
                Artificial Neural Networks
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Marine Environments
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Marine Environments
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Earth Sciences
                Geography
                Cartography
                Latitude
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Bodies of Water
                Oceans
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are available from the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/jm7fn/.

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