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      Strategies of pain reduction during the bone marrow biopsy

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          Abstract

          Examination of the bone marrow biopsy and aspirate allows diagnosis and assessment of various conditions such as primary hematologic and metastatic neoplasms, as well as nonmalignant disorders. Despite being performed for many years, according to many different protocols, the procedure still remains painful for the majority of patients. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of pain reduction measures in the bone marrow biopsy and aspiration.

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          Most cited references39

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          Tramadol: a review of its use in perioperative pain.

          Tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting analgesic agent with 2 distinct, synergistic mechanisms of action, acting as both a weak opioid agonist and an inhibitor of monoamine neurotransmitter reuptake. The 2 enantiomers of racemic tramadol function in a complementary manner to enhance the analgesic efficacy and improve the tolerability profile of tramadol. In several comparative, well designed studies, oral and parenteral tramadol effectively relieved moderate to severe postoperative pain associated with surgery. Its overall analgesic efficacy was similar to that of morphine or alfentanil and superior to that of pentazocine. Tramadol provided effective analgesia in children and in adults for both inpatient and day surgery. Tramadol was generally well tolerated in clinical trials. The most common adverse events (incidence of 1.6 to 6.1%) were nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, sweating, vomiting and dry mouth. Importantly, unlike other opioids, tramadol has no clinically relevant effects on respiratory or cardiovascular parameters at recommended doses in adults or children. Tramadol also has a low potential for abuse or dependence. The efficacy of tramadol for the management of moderate to severe postoperative pain has been demonstrated in both inpatients and day surgery patients. Most importantly, unlike other opioids, tramadol has no clinically relevant effects on respiratory or cardiovascular parameters. Tramadol may prove particularly useful in patients with poor cardiopulmonary function, including the elderly, the obese and smokers, in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function, and in patients in whom nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not recommended or need to be used with caution. Parenteral or oral tramadol has proved to be an effective and well tolerated analgesic agent in the perioperative setting.
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            Bone marrow biopsy morbidity and mortality.

            A postal survey of adverse events associated with bone marrow biopsy (aspiration biopsy with or without trephine biopsy) was carried out among British Society of Haematology members, between 1995 and 2001. A total of 26 adverse events, including one death directly attributable to the procedure, were reported among an estimated 54 890 biopsies. The most frequent and most serious adverse event was haemorrhage, reported in 14 patients, necessitating blood transfusion in six patients and leading to the single death. The potential risk factors most often associated with haemorrhage were a diagnosis of a myeloproliferative disorder, aspirin therapy or both. Other potential risk factors were warfarin therapy, disseminated intravascular coagulation and obesity.
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              Clinical hypnosis versus cognitive behavioral training for pain management with pediatric cancer patients undergoing bone marrow aspirations.

              A randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of clinical hypnosis versus cognitive behavioral (CB) coping skills training in alleviating the pain and distress of 30 pediatric cancer patients (age 5 to 15 years) undergoing bone marrow aspirations. Patients were randomized to one of three groups: hypnosis, a package of CB coping skills, and no intervention. Patients who received either hypnosis or CB reported less pain and pain-related anxiety than did control patients and less pain and anxiety than at their own baseline. Hypnosis and CB were similarly effective in the relief of pain. Results also indicated that children reported more anxiety and exhibited more behavioral distress in the CB group than in the hypnosis group. It is concluded that hypnosis and CB coping skills are effective in preparing pediatric oncology patients for bone marrow aspiration.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +48-788-075197 , hjortholmnikolaj@gmail.com
                Journal
                Ann Hematol
                Ann. Hematol
                Annals of Hematology
                Springer-Verlag (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0939-5555
                1432-0584
                6 December 2012
                6 December 2012
                February 2013
                : 92
                : 2
                : 145-149
                Affiliations
                Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
                Article
                1641
                10.1007/s00277-012-1641-9
                3542425
                23224244
                71ece2a9-d423-431c-8c59-ad1353000d85
                © The Author(s) 2012

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

                History
                : 10 October 2012
                : 21 November 2012
                Categories
                Review Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

                Hematology
                pain,bone marrow,biopsy,aspiration,hematology
                Hematology
                pain, bone marrow, biopsy, aspiration, hematology

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