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      Farmers’ perception of impacts of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse fly in selected districts in Baro-Akobo and Gojeb river basins, Southwestern Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          Background

          Trypanosomosis, via causing anaemia, emaciation, production loss and death, is arguably the most important constraint to livestock development in Sub-Saharan countries, including Ethiopia and its impact in Baro-Akobo and Gojeb river basins (endemic areas for tsetse flies) is unknown. This study was carried out from November 2011 to April 2012 to assess farmers’ perception on the presence, impact, management and the need of intervention programs of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse fly in selected districts located in Baro-Akobo and Gojeb river basins, Southwestern Ethiopia. A standardized questionnaire survey was employed to collect the relevant information from the farmers.

          Results

          The result of this study showed that 94.1% of the respondents considered bovine trypanosomosis as an economically important cattle disease which accounted for 64.6% of the total annual deaths in the year 2011/2012. Estimated mean annual financial loss via mortality due to trypanosomosis was reported to be 3501 Ethiopian Birr (US$200)/household. The reported trypanosomosis suggestive signs were consistent with published reports and farmers strongly associated the occurrence of the disease with biting flies (particularly, tsetse fly). Respondents also explained that the seasonality of the disease and its vectors, i.e. May and June are peak risk months of the year. Chemotherapy was reported the major method to combating the problem, mean frequency of treatment being 5.7 times per animal per year. Because of the economic burden of the disease, farmers expressed their strong interest and support for the establishment of intervention program in their area.

          Conclusion

          The study revealed that livestock keepers are familiar with bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors as well as its impacts. Thus, trypanosomosis and tsetse control strategies should be integrated with the local communities’ participation to minimize the impacts of the disease and its vectors in the area.

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          Most cited references10

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          Characterisation and validation of farmers' knowledge and practice of cattle trypanosomosis management in the cotton zone of West Africa.

          We carried out a knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) survey on how farmers (n=895) manage cattle trypanosomosis in Burkina Faso, Mali and Guinea. Most farmers (96%) recognised the common signs of trypanosomosis, 70% knew the role of tsetse flies in transmitting the disease and 96% had knowledge of drugs used for treatment. Farmers reported that trypanosomosis was the most important cattle disease and estimated that 25% of their herd fall sick each year and 18% of the sick animals die. Nearly all sick animals (90%) were treated with trypanocides and most treatments were administered by untrained farmers. Giving drugs was the strategy most used as primary means of protection (50% of farmers) followed by avoiding high risk areas (32% of farmers) and keeping trypanotolerant cattle (7% of farmers). Few farmers knew about communal tsetse control methods and those who did, rarely practiced them. Farmer diagnosis of trypanosomosis in cattle presented at clinics (n=113) was in most cases (84%) supported by laboratory tests. However, the signs that most farmers considered indicative of trypanosomosis (staring coat and emaciation) were poor predictors of trypanosomosis. We tested farmer knowledge of injection sites and trypanocide dilutions (n=423 cattle), and while few (15%) farmers gave under-dosages or over-dosage (2% of farmers), injection techniques were poor with injection-related side effects in 24% of cattle treated by farmers. Despite this, therapeutic outcomes were both objectively (clinical parameters) and subjectively (carer assessment) satisfactory in 89% of cattle treated by farmers. This study found that farmers play a major role in successfully managing trypanosomosis and recommends the recognition and support for community based treatment.
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            Factors influencing the abundance of Japanese encephalitis vectors in ricefields in India--II. Biotic.

            The relationship of insect predators and phytoplankton with the abundance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Cx. vishnui Theobald and Cx. pseudovishnui Colless mosquito larvae and pupae (Diptera: Culicidae) in ricefields was investigated during three rice growing seasons. Notonectids were the most abundant insect predators, whereas diatoms dominated among phytoplankton. Multiple regression analysis showed that the occurrence of notonectids (both nymphs and adults) was negatively associated with larval abundance. Phytoplankton, especially diatoms and blue green algae (BGA), were found to favour abundance of culicine immatures during Navarai and Kuruvai crops, respectively. Larval gut analysis showed that the intake of algae by late instars was high, with 93%, 58% and 24% of diatoms, BGA and green algae, respectively. Filamentous algae may not necessarily be of nutritive value, but they are observed to form mats, which provide protection to the mosquito immatures from the predators.
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              Cattle owners' perceptions of African bovine trypanosomiasis and its control in Busia and Kwale Districts of Kenya.

              A study using a structured questionnaire was conducted in Busia District, Western Kenya and Kwale District, Coastal Kenya to obtain qualitative and quantitative information from 256 cattle owners about their production systems, their perceptions of the diseases encountered in their cattle, the drugs used, and other measures adopted to control trypanosomiasis in cattle. The predominant production system was mixed crop-livestock with farmers owning 2-11 local cattle on holdings between 2 and 5 ha. Approximately 15% of disease episodes in cattle were perceived to be trypanosomiasis, although the farmers' ability to make diagnoses was limited in that over half of the diagnoses were inconsistent with the clinical signs described. Drugs were generally obtained from agro-veterinary shops, and the farmers themselves administered slightly more than half of these. One third of drug treatments given to sick cattle were trypanocides, but over half of these trypanocidal treatments were given to cattle believed to have diseases other than trypanosomiasis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                BMC Vet Res
                BMC Vet. Res
                BMC Veterinary Research
                BioMed Central
                1746-6148
                2013
                20 October 2013
                : 9
                : 214
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Unit of Paraclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O.Box:196, Gondar, Ethiopia
                [2 ]Department of Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
                Article
                1746-6148-9-214
                10.1186/1746-6148-9-214
                4015653
                24139090
                72256e78-b615-4ba0-b5a1-901ca4290e82
                Copyright © 2013 Seyoum et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 29 April 2013
                : 11 October 2013
                Categories
                Research Article

                Veterinary medicine
                baro-akobo,farmers’ perception,gojeb,river basin,trypanosomosis,southwestern ethiopia

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