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      Genetic mixing for population management: From genetic rescue to provenancing

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          Abstract

          Animal and plant species around the world are being challenged by the deleterious effects of inbreeding, loss of genetic diversity, and maladaptation due to widespread habitat destruction and rapid climate change. In many cases, interventions will likely be needed to safeguard populations and species and to maintain functioning ecosystems. Strategies aimed at initiating, reinstating, or enhancing patterns of gene flow via the deliberate movement of genotypes around the environment are generating growing interest with broad applications in conservation and environmental management. These diverse strategies go by various names ranging from genetic or evolutionary rescue to provenancing and genetic resurrection. Our aim here is to provide some clarification around terminology and to how these strategies are connected and linked to underlying genetic processes. We draw on case studies from the literature and outline mechanisms that underlie how the various strategies aim to increase species fitness and impact the wider community. We argue that understanding mechanisms leading to species decline and community impact is a key to successful implementation of these strategies. We emphasize the need to consider the nature of source and recipient populations, as well as associated risks and trade‐offs for the various strategies. This overview highlights where strategies are likely to have potential at population, species, and ecosystem scales, but also where they should probably not be attempted depending on the overall aims of the intervention. We advocate an approach where short‐ and long‐term strategies are integrated into a decision framework that also considers nongenetic aspects of management.

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          Most cited references152

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          Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene

          Tropical reef systems are transitioning to a new era in which the interval between recurrent bouts of coral bleaching is too short for a full recovery of mature assemblages. We analyzed bleaching records at 100 globally distributed reef locations from 1980 to 2016. The median return time between pairs of severe bleaching events has diminished steadily since 1980 and is now only 6 years. As global warming has progressed, tropical sea surface temperatures are warmer now during current La Niña conditions than they were during El Niño events three decades ago. Consequently, as we transition to the Anthropocene, coral bleaching is occurring more frequently in all El Niño-Southern Oscillation phases, increasing the likelihood of annual bleaching in the coming decades.
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            Climate change and evolutionary adaptation.

            Evolutionary adaptation can be rapid and potentially help species counter stressful conditions or realize ecological opportunities arising from climate change. The challenges are to understand when evolution will occur and to identify potential evolutionary winners as well as losers, such as species lacking adaptive capacity living near physiological limits. Evolutionary processes also need to be incorporated into management programmes designed to minimize biodiversity loss under rapid climate change. These challenges can be met through realistic models of evolutionary change linked to experimental data across a range of taxa.
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              Genomic Selection in Plant Breeding: Methods, Models, and Perspectives.

              Genomic selection (GS) facilitates the rapid selection of superior genotypes and accelerates the breeding cycle. In this review, we discuss the history, principles, and basis of GS and genomic-enabled prediction (GP) as well as the genetics and statistical complexities of GP models, including genomic genotype×environment (G×E) interactions. We also examine the accuracy of GP models and methods for two cereal crops and two legume crops based on random cross-validation. GS applied to maize breeding has shown tangible genetic gains. Based on GP results, we speculate how GS in germplasm enhancement (i.e., prebreeding) programs could accelerate the flow of genes from gene bank accessions to elite lines. Recent advances in hyperspectral image technology could be combined with GS and pedigree-assisted breeding.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ary@unimelb.edu.au
                Journal
                Evol Appl
                Evol Appl
                10.1111/(ISSN)1752-4571
                EVA
                Evolutionary Applications
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1752-4571
                06 November 2020
                March 2021
                : 14
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1111/eva.v14.3 )
                : 634-652
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
                [ 2 ] School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology Deakin University Warrnambool Vic. Australia
                [ 3 ] Deakin Genomics Centre Deakin University Geelong Vic. Australia
                [ 4 ] cesar Pty Ltd Parkville Vic. Australia
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Ary A. Hoffmann, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.

                Email: ary@ 123456unimelb.edu.au

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-7645
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1632-7206
                Article
                EVA13154
                10.1111/eva.13154
                7980264
                33767740
                72502e6a-45d5-4ca5-b458-d9b9d72e6557
                © 2020 The Authors. Evolutionary Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 10 October 2020
                : 20 August 2020
                : 14 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Pages: 19, Words: 15537
                Categories
                Reviews and Syntheses
                Reviews and Syntheses
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                March 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.0 mode:remove_FC converted:20.03.2021

                Evolutionary Biology
                adaptation,conservation,genetic variation,population size,revegetation
                Evolutionary Biology
                adaptation, conservation, genetic variation, population size, revegetation

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