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      Prevention of Hypertension Attenuates Albuminuria and Renal Expression of Fibronectin in Diabetic Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

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          Abstract

          Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preventing hypertension on renal disease in a model of genetic hypertension and diabetes. Methods: Four-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were randomized for no treatment, or for treatment with captopril, losartan or triple therapy (hydrochlorothiazide, reserpine and hydralazine) for 16 weeks. Results: Increase in systolic blood pressure was equally prevented by captopril (128 ± 3 mm Hg), losartan (128 ± 2) and triple therapy (129 ± 2, p < 0.0001). Albuminuria was similarly reduced by captopril (499 (404–659)), losartan (622 (470–976)) and triple therapy (479 (362–600) µg/24 h (p < 0.0001)). Renal fibronectin expression increased in diabetic SHR (125 ± 13 densitometric unit) as compared to the controls (51 ± 9, p < 0.0001), and decreased (p < 0.0001 vs. diabetic SHR) with captopril (32 ± 8), losartan (27 ± 4) and triple therapy (35 ± 6). Conclusion: The prevention of hypertension in diabetic SHR by captopril, losartan or triple therapy was equally efficacious in impeding increase of albuminuria and the expression of renal fibronectin. Under these conditions, tight blood pressure control was the main determinant in attenuating nephropathy.

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          Immunochemical quantitation of antigens by single radial immunodiffusion.

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            Long-term prevention of renal insufficiency, excess matrix gene expression, and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion by treatment with monoclonal antitransforming growth factor-beta antibody in db/db diabetic mice.

            Emerging evidence suggests that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is an important mediator of diabetic nephropathy. We showed previously that short-term treatment with a neutralizing monoclonal anti-TGF-beta antibody (alphaT) in streptozotocin-diabetic mice prevents early changes of renal hypertrophy and increased matrix mRNA. To establish that overactivity of the renal TGF-beta system mediates the functional and structural changes of the more advanced stages of nephropathy, we tested whether chronic administration of alphaT prevents renal insufficiency and glomerulosclerosis in the db/db mouse, a model of type 2 diabetes that develops overt nephropathy. Diabetic db/db mice and nondiabetic db/m littermates were treated intraperitoneally with alphaT or control IgG, 300 microgram three times per week for 8 wk. Treatment with alphaT, but not with IgG, significantly decreased the plasma TGF-beta1 concentration without decreasing the plasma glucose concentration. The IgG-treated db/db mice developed albuminuria, renal insufficiency, and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion associated with increased renal mRNAs encoding alpha1(IV) collagen and fibronectin. On the other hand, treatment with alphaT completely prevented the increase in plasma creatinine concentration, the decrease in urinary creatinine clearance, and the expansion of mesangial matrix in db/db mice. The increase in renal matrix mRNAs was substantially attenuated, but the excretion of urinary albumin factored for creatinine clearance was not significantly affected by alphaT treatment. We conclude that chronic inhibition of the biologic actions of TGF-beta with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody in db/db mice prevents the glomerulosclerosis and renal insufficiency resulting from type 2 diabetes.
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              Effect of captopril on progression to clinical proteinuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria. European Microalbuminuria Captopril Study Group.

              To study the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the rate of progression to clinical proteinuria and the rate of change of albumin excretion rates in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and persistent microalbuminuria. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 2 years' duration at 12 hospital-based diabetes centers. Ninety-two patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and persistent microalbuminuria but no hypertension. The patients were randomly allocated in blocks of two to receive either captopril, 50 mg, or placebo twice per day. Albumin excretion rate, blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin level, and fructosamine level every 3 months; urinary urea nitrogen excretion every 6 months; and glomerular filtration rate every 12 months. Twelve patients receiving placebo and four receiving captopril progressed to clinical proteinuria, defined as an albumin excretion rate persistently greater than 200 micrograms/min and at least a 30% increase from baseline (P = .05). The probability of progression to clinical proteinuria was significantly reduced by captopril therapy (P = .03 by log-rank test). Albumin excretion rate rose from a geometric mean (95% confidence interval) of 52 (39 to 68) to 76 (47 to 122) micrograms/min in the placebo group but fell from 52 (41 to 65) to 41 (28 to 60) micrograms/min in the captopril group, a significant difference (P < .01). Mean blood pressure was similar at baseline in the two groups and remained unchanged in the placebo group but fell significantly, by 3 to 7 mm Hg, in the captopril group. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels and glomerular filtration rate remained stable in the two groups. Captopril therapy significantly impeded progression to clinical proteinuria and prevented the increase in albumin excretion rate in nonhypertensive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and persistent microalbuminuria.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                AJN
                Am J Nephrol
                10.1159/issn.0250-8095
                American Journal of Nephrology
                S. Karger AG
                0250-8095
                1421-9670
                2003
                December 2003
                21 November 2003
                : 23
                : 6
                : 422-428
                Affiliations
                aDivision of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas and bDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
                Article
                74454 Am J Nephrol 2003;23:422–428
                10.1159/000074454
                14573998
                726aae4c-a94e-4f8b-9708-33a7283d08d5
                © 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 02 June 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, References: 35, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Original Report: Laboratory Investigation

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Angiotensin antagonist,Angiotensin-converting enzyme,Diabetes mellitus,Fibronectin,Hypertension, genetic,Rats, inbred SHR,Renin-angiotensin system

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