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      Examining Psychedelic-Induced Changes in Social Functioning and Connectedness in a Naturalistic Online Sample Using the Five-Factor Model of Personality

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          Abstract

          The present study examines prospective changes in personality traits relevant to social functioning as well as perceived social connectedness in relation to the naturalistic use of psychedelic compounds in an online volunteer sample. The study also examined the degree to which demographic characteristics, social setting, baseline personality, and acute subjective factors (e.g., emotional breakthrough experiences) influenced trajectories of personality and perceived social connectedness. Participants recruited online completed self-report measures of personality and social connectedness at three timepoints (baseline, 2weeks post-experience, 4weeks post-experience). Linear mixed models were used to examine changes in outcomes and the moderation of these outcomes by covariates. The most substantive changes were reductions in the personality domains Neuroticism, and increases in Agreeableness and social connectedness. Notably, reductions in Neuroticism and increases in Agreeableness covaried over time, which may be suggestive of common processes involving emotion regulation. Preliminary evidence was found for a specific effect on a component of Agreeableness involving a critical and quarrelsome interpersonal style. Although moderation by demographic characteristics, social setting, baseline personality, and acute factors generally found limited support, baseline standing on Neuroticism, perspective taking, and social connectedness showed tentative signs of amplifying adaptive effects on each trait, respectively. Our findings hold implications for the potential use of psychedelics for treating interpersonal elements of personality pathology as well as loneliness.

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          Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs

          Effect sizes are the most important outcome of empirical studies. Most articles on effect sizes highlight their importance to communicate the practical significance of results. For scientists themselves, effect sizes are most useful because they facilitate cumulative science. Effect sizes can be used to determine the sample size for follow-up studies, or examining effects across studies. This article aims to provide a practical primer on how to calculate and report effect sizes for t-tests and ANOVA's such that effect sizes can be used in a-priori power analyses and meta-analyses. Whereas many articles about effect sizes focus on between-subjects designs and address within-subjects designs only briefly, I provide a detailed overview of the similarities and differences between within- and between-subjects designs. I suggest that some research questions in experimental psychology examine inherently intra-individual effects, which makes effect sizes that incorporate the correlation between measures the best summary of the results. Finally, a supplementary spreadsheet is provided to make it as easy as possible for researchers to incorporate effect size calculations into their workflow.
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            A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains

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              Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.

              Mark Davis (1983)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                25 November 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 749788
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Psychedelic Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
                [2] 2National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark , Odense, Denmark
                [3] 3Psychedelics Division, Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Katrin H. Preller, University of Zurich, Switzerland

                Reviewed by: Matthias E. Liechti, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland; Manoj Doss, Johns Hopkins University, United States

                *Correspondence: Brandon Weiss, bw64357@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Personality and Social Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749788
                8655335
                34899488
                727820df-d6eb-4ed3-815a-a68d58ad8e28
                Copyright © 2021 Weiss, Nygart, Pommerencke, Carhart-Harris and Erritzoe.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 09 August 2021
                : 20 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 108, Pages: 20, Words: 15573
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                psychedelic,personality change,prospective,social functioning,five-factor model

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