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      Poligrafía en niños con enfermedad neuromuscular Translated title: Polygraphy in children with neuromuscular disease

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          Abstract

          Introducción: Los pacientes con enfermedades neuromusculares (ENM) presentan una alta prevalencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS). El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los resultados de estudios poligráficos y mostrar su utilidad para el establecimiento de conductas terapéuticas en niños con ENM de un hospital público de Chile. Metodología: Se consideraron registros de PG de niños con ENM. Las conductas terapéuticas fueron clasificadas como: asistencia ventilatoria no invasiva (AVNI), cirugía y observación y seguimiento. Los resultados se expresan en mediana y rango. Los tests de Kruskal-Wallis y χ2 fueron empleados. Fue considerado significativo unp < 0,05. Resultados: Al estudio ingresan 36 pacientes, siendo excluidos 5, la mediana de edad fue 10 años (0,3-19), 74% varones. Diagnósticos: Distrofia neuromuscular de Duchenne 39% (n = 12), Mielomeningocele 19% (n = 6), Síndrome hipotónico 16% (n=5), Miopatia 10% (n = 3), Atrofia espinal 10% (n = 3), otros 6% (n = 2). El tiempo validado de la poligrafía fue 7,3 h (4,3-10,5), la mediana de la saturación de O2 promedio fue 97% (91-99) y de la saturación de O2 mínima 90% (51-95). Las poligrafías fueron normales en 6 pacientes (19%) y sugerentes de TRS en 25 (81%). Entre ellas se consideró SAHOS leve 60% (n = 15), moderado 28% (n = 7) y severo 12% (n = 3). En 20 pacientes (65%) se decidió iniciar AVNI, en 9 (29%) observación y seguimiento y en 2 (6%) tratamiento quirúrgico. No existió asociación entre la categorización de gravedad de SAHOS y conducta terapéutica. Conclusión: La poligrafía permite el diagnóstico objetivo de TRS en niños con ENM y constituye una herramienta útil para determinación de conductas terapéuticas.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: A high prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been reported in neuromuscular disease (NMD) patients. Our aim was to describe the results of sleep studies performed by overnight polygraphy in pediatric ward of a public hospital from Concepción, Chile. Additionally, we purposed to define its utility in the treatment of children with NMD. Methods: Records of NMD patients admitted at G. Grant Benavente Hospital, from 2011 to 2015 were considered. The therapeutic approaches were classified as: non invasive ventilation, surgical treatment and follow up. Results: From 36 patients initially admitted in the study 5 were excluded. Patients median age was 10 years-old (range: 0.3-19), 74% (n = 23) were males. Diagnosis were: Duchenne muscular dystrophy in 12 patients (39%), Myelomeningocele in 6 (19%), Hypotonic syndrome in 5 (16%), Miopathy in 3 (10%), Spinal muscular atrohpy in 3 (10%) and other NMD in 2 patients (6%). Median of polygraphy valid time was 7.3 h (range:4.3-10.5). Median of mean values of O2 saturation was 97% (range: 91-99%) and median of minimum O2 saturation was 90% (51-95%). Six polygraphies (19%) were normal and 25 (81%) showed some degree of SDB. From this group 60% had a mild, 28% (n = 7) had a moderate and 12% (n = 3) presented a severe SDB. Fifteen patients (65%) were under non invasive ventilation, nine (29%) of them received medical treatment and two of them (6%) surgical treatment. There was no difference between the magnitude of SDB and therapeutic approach. Moreover, no association between the severity of SDB and therapeutic approach was found. Conclusion: Polygraphy allows objective diagnosis of SDB in children with NMD and is a suitable tool to define therapeutic conducts.

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          Most cited references34

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          Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

          The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force reviewed the current rules for scoring respiratory events in the 2007 AASM Manual for the Scoring and Sleep and Associated Events to determine if revision was indicated. The goals of the task force were (1) to clarify and simplify the current scoring rules, (2) to review evidence for new monitoring technologies relevant to the scoring rules, and (3) to strive for greater concordance between adult and pediatric rules. The task force reviewed the evidence cited by the AASM systematic review of the reliability and validity of scoring respiratory events published in 2007 and relevant studies that have appeared in the literature since that publication. Given the limitations of the published evidence, a consensus process was used to formulate the majority of the task force recommendations concerning revisions.The task force made recommendations concerning recommended and alternative sensors for the detection of apnea and hypopnea to be used during diagnostic and positive airway pressure (PAP) titration polysomnography. An alternative sensor is used if the recommended sensor fails or the signal is inaccurate. The PAP device flow signal is the recommended sensor for the detection of apnea, hypopnea, and respiratory effort related arousals (RERAs) during PAP titration studies. Appropriate filter settings for recording (display) of the nasal pressure signal to facilitate visualization of inspiratory flattening are also specified. The respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) signals to be used as alternative sensors for apnea and hypopnea detection are specified. The task force reached consensus on use of the same sensors for adult and pediatric patients except for the following: (1) the end-tidal PCO(2) signal can be used as an alternative sensor for apnea detection in children only, and (2) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) belts can be used to monitor respiratory effort (thoracoabdominal belts) and as an alternative sensor for detection of apnea and hypopnea (PVDFsum) only in adults.The task force recommends the following changes to the 2007 respiratory scoring rules. Apnea in adults is scored when there is a drop in the peak signal excursion by ≥ 90% of pre-event baseline using an oronasal thermal sensor (diagnostic study), PAP device flow (titration study), or an alternative apnea sensor, for ≥ 10 seconds. Hypopnea in adults is scored when the peak signal excursions drop by ≥ 30% of pre-event baseline using nasal pressure (diagnostic study), PAP device flow (titration study), or an alternative sensor, for ≥ 10 seconds in association with either ≥ 3% arterial oxygen desaturation or an arousal. Scoring a hypopnea as either obstructive or central is now listed as optional, and the recommended scoring rules are presented. In children an apnea is scored when peak signal excursions drop by ≥ 90% of pre-event baseline using an oronasal thermal sensor (diagnostic study), PAP device flow (titration study), or an alternative sensor; and the event meets duration and respiratory effort criteria for an obstructive, mixed, or central apnea. A central apnea is scored in children when the event meets criteria for an apnea, there is an absence of inspiratory effort throughout the event, and at least one of the following is met: (1) the event is ≥ 20 seconds in duration, (2) the event is associated with an arousal or ≥ 3% oxygen desaturation, (3) (infants under 1 year of age only) the event is associated with a decrease in heart rate to less than 50 beats per minute for at least 5 seconds or less than 60 beats per minute for 15 seconds. A hypopnea is scored in children when the peak signal excursions drop is ≥ 30% of pre-event baseline using nasal pressure (diagnostic study), PAP device flow (titration study), or an alternative sensor, for ≥ the duration of 2 breaths in association with either ≥ 3% oxygen desaturation or an arousal. In children and adults, surrogates of the arterial PCO(2) are the end-tidal PCO(2) or transcutaneous PCO(2) (diagnostic study) or transcutaneous PCO(2) (titration study). For adults, sleep hypoventilation is scored when the arterial PCO(2) (or surrogate) is > 55 mm Hg for ≥ 10 minutes or there is an increase in the arterial PCO(2) (or surrogate) ≥ 10 mm Hg (in comparison to an awake supine value) to a value exceeding 50 mm Hg for ≥ 10 minutes. For pediatric patients hypoventilation is scored when the arterial PCO(2) (or surrogate) is > 50 mm Hg for > 25% of total sleep time. In adults Cheyne-Stokes breathing is scored when both of the following are met: (1) there are episodes of ≥ 3 consecutive central apneas and/or central hypopneas separated by a crescendo and decrescendo change in breathing amplitude with a cycle length of at least 40 seconds (typically 45 to 90 seconds), and (2) there are five or more central apneas and/or central hypopneas per hour associated with the crescendo/decrescendo breathing pattern recorded over a minimum of 2 hours of monitoring.
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            Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

            This revised clinical practice guideline, intended for use by primary care clinicians, provides recommendations for the diagnosis and management of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children and adolescents. This practice guideline focuses on uncomplicated childhood OSAS, that is, OSAS associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and/or obesity in an otherwise healthy child who is being treated in the primary care setting. Of 3166 articles from 1999-2010, 350 provided relevant data. Most articles were level II-IV. The resulting evidence report was used to formulate recommendations. The following recommendations are made. (1) All children/adolescents should be screened for snoring. (2) Polysomnography should be performed in children/adolescents with snoring and symptoms/signs of OSAS; if polysomnography is not available, then alternative diagnostic tests or referral to a specialist for more extensive evaluation may be considered. (3) Adenotonsillectomy is recommended as the first-line treatment of patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. (4) High-risk patients should be monitored as inpatients postoperatively. (5) Patients should be reevaluated postoperatively to determine whether further treatment is required. Objective testing should be performed in patients who are high risk or have persistent symptoms/signs of OSAS after therapy. (6) Continuous positive airway pressure is recommended as treatment if adenotonsillectomy is not performed or if OSAS persists postoperatively. (7) Weight loss is recommended in addition to other therapy in patients who are overweight or obese. (8) Intranasal corticosteroids are an option for children with mild OSAS in whom adenotonsillectomy is contraindicated or for mild postoperative OSAS.
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              Survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: improvements in life expectancy since 1967 and the impact of home nocturnal ventilation.

              We reviewed the notes of 197 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy whose treatment was managed at the Newcastle muscle centre from 1967 to 2002, to determine whether survival has improved over the decades and whether the impact of nocturnal ventilation altered the pattern of survival. Patients were grouped according to the decade of death and whether or not they were ventilated. Kaplan Meier survival analyses showed significant decade on decade improvement in survival. Mean age of death in the 1960s was 14.4 years, whereas for those ventilated since 1990 it was 25.3 years. Cardiomyopathy significantly shortened life expectancy from 19 years to a mean age of 16.9 years. Better coordinated care probably improved the chances of survival to 25 years from 0% in the 1960s to 4% in the 1970s and 12% in the 1980s, but the impact of nocturnal ventilation has further improved this chance to 53% for those ventilated since 1990.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcher
                Revista chilena de enfermedades respiratorias
                Rev. chil. enferm. respir.
                Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Santiago, , Chile )
                0717-7348
                September 2015
                : 31
                : 3
                : 152-159
                Affiliations
                [03] Concepción orgnameUniversidad San Sebastián orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Escuela de Kinesiología Chile
                [01] Concepción orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Pediatría Chile
                [02] Concepción orgnameHospital Guillermo Grant Benavente Chile
                Article
                S0717-73482015000300003 S0717-7348(15)03100300003
                727ce7d0-7221-4557-9dcd-1d4da7ffa7de

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                Series Clínicas

                Poligrafía,Polygraphy,children,neuromuscular disease,Sleep disorders breathing,Niños,Enfermedad neuromuscular,Trastornos respiratorios del sueño

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