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      Phylogenetic analysis of Pneumocystis from pig lungs obtained from slaughterhouses in southern and midwestern regions of Brazil

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          Abstract

          The Pneumocystis genus is comprised of pathogens dwelling in the lungs of terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic mammals. Occasionally they induce severe pneumonitis, particularly in hosts with severe impairment of the immune system and progressively may fill pulmonary alveolar cavities causing respiratory failure. Molecular genetic studies revealed that Pneumocystis gene sequences present a marked divergence with the host species concerned. In the present study, the genetic diversity of Pneumocystis obtained from lungs of swines was examined by analyzing mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU) and small subunit (mtSSU) rRNA sequences. The samples were obtained from two slaughterhouses located in two Brazilian states. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that genetic groupings within Pneumocystis organisms were in accordance with those of the corresponding hosts and that two clusters were formed. In conclusion, these data show that there are genetically distinct porcine Pneumocystis genotypes with at least two separate clusters in Brazil.

          Translated abstract

          O gênero Pneumocystis compreende patógenos que residem em pulmões de animais terrestres, aéreos e aquáticos. Pode ocasionar uma grave pneumonia, particularmente em hospedeiros com o sistema imunológico seriamente comprometido, o que ocorre por meio de uma progressiva disseminação nas cavidades alveolares, causando insuficiência respiratória. Estudos genéticos, baseados em métodos moleculares, revelaram que as sequências dos genes de Pneumocystis apresentam marcante divergência de acordo com a espécie de hospedeiro. Neste estudo, a diversidade genética das amostras obtidas a partir de pulmões de suínos, provenientes de dois abatedouros localizados em dois estados brasileiros, foi examinada por análise das sequencias dos nucleotídeos dos produtos de PCR dos genes mtLSU e mtSSU do rRNA do Pneumocystis. O resultado confirma a tendência registrada em pesquisas com amostras de outros animais e permite concluir que existem, pelo menos, dois grupos filogenéticos distintos de Pneumocystis de suínos no Brasil.

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          Pneumocystis infections: the iceberg?

          Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is a well-recognized lung disease of immunocompromised patients, but the real impact of Pneumocystis infection in humans remains to be discovered. Pneumocystis represents probably one of the more frequent infectious agents faced by humans. Seroconversion revealed P. carinii primary infection in > 90% of infants and small children, but the infection source and the clinical or pathological changes associated with this first contact with the parasite remain unknown. Pneumocystis organisms are atypical microfungi able to attach specifically to type-I alveolar epithelial cells, and to proliferate, provoking severe pneumonitis. A deep impairment of cell-mediated immunity associated with changes in pulmonary surfactant make it possible for Pneumocystis to grow within the host. Alveolar type-II cell hypertrophy, macrophagic infiltrate and intra-alveolar foamy eosinophilic material are the most typical changes. CD4+ T-lymphocytes and interferon play a major role in host defense against P. carinii. Alveolar macrophages phagocytose P. carinii via the macrophage-mannose receptor and produce reactive free-radicals and nitric oxide under Pneumocystis stimulation. Furthermore, PCP is associated with an early decrease of surfactant phospholipids, increased hydrophilic surfactant protein (SP) levels and decreased hydrophobic SPs. Normal surfactant improves PCP, and consistently, it inhibits the parasite growth. New detection tools have revealed that hospitalized patients can be latently infected with Pneumocystis and that immunocompetent hosts develop transient Pneumocystis infections. Pneumocystis organisms circulate in human populations, being able to infect hosts with diverse susceptibility levels. In fact, airborne Pneumocystis infection can display a large spectrum of clinical presentations and most likely, we recognize at present only the tip of the iceberg.
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            Pneumocystis infections: the iceberg?

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              Detection of Pneumocystis spp. in lung samples from pigs in Brazil.

              The genus Pneumocystis is composed of opportunistic fungi currently considered as specific pulmonary pathogens in humans and other mammals. In pigs, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) could create significant economical losses due to its detrimental effects on growth, food conversion, and carcass/viscera condemnation. This study revealed that Pneumocystis organisms could be detected by Grocott's staining or immunohistochemistry in 36.9% of 564 slaughtered pigs from two geographic regions of Brazil. The prevalence of positive cases was 39.9% and 33.9% in pigs slaughtered in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Mato Grosso (MT) states, respectively. Among the positive cases in RS, Pneumocystis organisms were observed in 41.9% of 33 histologically normal lungs, and in 58.0% of lungs presenting with histological lesions. In contrast, the prevalence in MT in normal and abnormal lungs was 36.3% and 63.5%, respectively. Major histopathological findings in lungs of infected animals were bronchointerstitial pneumonia (47.6%), suggestive of enzootic pneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia (37.9%), compatible with PcP. The results of this survey strengthened the interest of detecting fungal pathogens, in addition to other infectious agents, and evaluating their financial impact on Brazilian pig industry. Preventive and/or therapeutic strategies should be developed in order to minimize the incidence of respiratory fungal infections in pigs and associated economic losses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                abmvz
                Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
                Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.
                Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária (Belo Horizonte )
                1678-4162
                October 2011
                : 63
                : 5
                : 1154-1159
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Brazil
                [3 ] Secretaria de Estado de Saúde
                [4 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                [5 ] UMR
                [6 ] Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique France
                [7 ] AFSSA
                [8 ] ENVA
                [9 ] UPVM
                [10 ] BIPAR France
                Article
                S0102-09352011000500016
                10.1590/S0102-09352011000500016
                72807c0a-6d9b-42c4-b272-0aa7aaa68517

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0102-0935&lng=en
                Categories
                VETERINARY SCIENCES

                General veterinary medicine
                swine,Pneumocystis,phylogeny,mitochondrial large subunit,small subunit,rRNA,suínos,filogenia,mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU) rRNA,small subunit (mtSSU) rRNA

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