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      Fully fledged enantiornithine hatchling revealed by Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence supports precocial nesting behavior

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          Abstract

          Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence (LSF) is used to identify fully fledged feathering in the hatchling enantiornithine bird specimen MPCM-LH-26189, supporting precocial nesting behavior in this extinct group. The LSF results include the detection of a long pennaceous wing feather as well as cover feathers around the body. The LSF technique showed improved detection limits over and above synchrotron and UV imaging which had both been performed on this specimen. The findings underscore the value of using a wide range of analytical techniques.

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          Three-dimensional synchrotron virtual paleohistology: a new insight into the world of fossil bone microstructures.

          The recent developments of phase-contrast synchrotron imaging techniques have been of great interest for paleontologists, providing three-dimensional (3D) tomographic images of anatomical structures, thereby leading to new paleobiological insights and the discovery of new species. However, until now, it has not been used on features smaller than 5-7 μm voxel size in fossil bones. Because much information is contained within the 3D histological architecture of bone, including an ontogenetic record, crucial for understanding the paleobiology of fossil species, the application of phase-contrast synchrotron tomography to bone at higher resolutions is potentially of great interest. Here we use this technique to provide new 3D insights into the submicron-scale histology of fossil and recent bones, based on the development of new pink-beam configurations, data acquisition strategies, and improved processing tools. Not only do the scans reveal by nondestructive means all of the major features of the histology at a resolution comparable to that of optical microscopy, they provide 3D information that cannot be obtained by any other method.
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            Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs

            Maniraptora includes birds and their closest relatives among theropod dinosaurs. During the Cretaceous period, several maniraptoran lineages diverged from the ancestral coelurosaurian bauplan and evolved novel ecomorphologies, including active flight, gigantism, cursoriality and herbivory. Propagation X-ray phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography of a well-preserved maniraptoran from Mongolia, still partially embedded in the rock matrix, revealed a mosaic of features, most of them absent among non-avian maniraptorans but shared by reptilian and avian groups with aquatic or semiaquatic ecologies. This new theropod, Halszkaraptor escuilliei gen. et sp. nov., is related to other enigmatic Late Cretaceous maniraptorans from Mongolia in a novel clade at the root of Dromaeosauridae. This lineage adds an amphibious ecomorphology to those evolved by maniraptorans: it acquired a predatory mode that relied mainly on neck hyperelongation for food procurement, it coupled the obligatory bipedalism of theropods with forelimb proportions that may support a swimming function, and it developed postural adaptations convergent with short-tailed birds.
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              An Early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                tom@tomkaye.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                21 March 2019
                21 March 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 5006
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Foundation for Scientific Advancement, Sierra Vista, Arizona 85650 United States of America
                [2 ]ISNI 0000000121742757, GRID grid.194645.b, Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, , The University of Hong Kong, ; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000000119578126, GRID grid.5515.4, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ; 28049 Madrid, Spain
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7996-618X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-3078
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5214-5725
                Article
                41423
                10.1038/s41598-019-41423-7
                6428842
                30899080
                728177dc-d831-4182-9881-0ab097d0ef2f
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 31 July 2018
                : 8 March 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: The University of Hong Kong, including funding for the MOOC course Dinosaur Ecosystems.
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