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      Effect of Uveal Melanocytes on Choroidal Morphology in Rhesus Macaques and Humans on Enhanced-Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To compare cross-sectional choroidal morphology in rhesus macaque and human eyes using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and histologic analysis.

          Methods

          Enhanced-depth imaging–OCT images from 25 rhesus macaque and 30 human eyes were evaluated for choriocapillaris and choroidal–scleral junction (CSJ) visibility in the central macula based on OCT reflectivity profiles, and compared with age-matched histologic sections. Semiautomated segmentation of the choriocapillaris and CSJ was used to measure choriocapillary and choroidal thickness, respectively. Multivariate regression was performed to determine the association of age, refractive error, and race with choriocapillaris and CSJ visibility.

          Results

          Rhesus macaques exhibit a distinct hyporeflective choriocapillaris layer on EDI-OCT, while the CSJ cannot be visualized. In contrast, humans show variable reflectivities of the choriocapillaris, with a distinct CSJ seen in many subjects. Histologic sections demonstrate large, darkly pigmented melanocytes that are densely distributed in the macaque choroid, while melanocytes in humans are smaller, less pigmented, and variably distributed. Optical coherence tomography reflectivity patterns of the choroid appear to correspond to the density, size, and pigmentation of choroidal melanocytes. Mean choriocapillary thickness was similar between the two species (19.3 ± 3.4 vs. 19.8 ± 3.4 μm, P = 0.615), but choroidal thickness may be lower in macaques than in humans (191.2 ± 43.0 vs. 266.8 ± 78.0 μm, P < 0.001). Racial differences in uveal pigmentation also appear to affect the visibility of the choriocapillaris and CSJ on EDI-OCT.

          Conclusions

          Pigmented uveal melanocytes affect choroidal morphology on EDI-OCT in rhesus macaque and human eyes. Racial differences in pigmentation may affect choriocapillaris and CSJ visibility, and may influence the accuracy of choroidal thickness measurements.

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          Most cited references39

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          Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.

          In clinical measurement comparison of a new measurement technique with an established one is often needed to see whether they agree sufficiently for the new to replace the old. Such investigations are often analysed inappropriately, notably by using correlation coefficients. The use of correlation is misleading. An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability.
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            Automatic segmentation of seven retinal layers in SDOCT images congruent with expert manual segmentation

            Segmentation of anatomical and pathological structures in ophthalmic images is crucial for the diagnosis and study of ocular diseases. However, manual segmentation is often a time-consuming and subjective process. This paper presents an automatic approach for segmenting retinal layers in Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography images using graph theory and dynamic programming. Results show that this method accurately segments eight retinal layer boundaries in normal adult eyes more closely to an expert grader as compared to a second expert grader.
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              Subfoveal choroidal thickness after treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy.

              To evaluate the subfoveal choroidal thickness after treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) visualized by enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI OCT) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Retrospective, comparative series. Twenty patients (20 eyes). The subfoveal choroidal thickness and height of the serous retinal detachment before and after treatment was measured using EDI OCT. Areas of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability were visualized with ICGA. Eyes with classic CSC were treated with laser photocoagulation (LP), whereas eyes with chronic CSC, which are not amenable to LP, were treated with half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT). Change in choroidal thickness and height of the serous retinal detachment after treatment. There were 12 eyes in the LP group and 8 eyes in the PDT group. The serous subretinal fluid resolved in both groups after treatment. In the LP group, the mean choroidal thickness was 345+/-127 microm at baseline and 340+/-124 microm at 4 weeks, a difference that was not significant (P = 0.2). The mean choroidal thickness in the PDT group increased significantly from 389+/-106 microm at baseline to 462+/-124 microm (P = 0.008) by 2 days after treatment, and then reduced rapidly to 360+/-100 microm (P = 0.001) at 1 week and 330+/-103 microm (P<0.001) after 4 weeks as compared with baseline. Indocyanine green angiography showed decreased hyperpermeability in the PDT group after treatment. The subretinal fluid resolved in both disease groups; however, the choroidal thickness and hyperpermeability seen during ICGA was reduced after PDT. These findings suggest that PDT reduces the choroidal vascular hyperpermeability seen in CSC and may work by a different mechanism than LP. Copyright © 2010 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
                Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci
                iovs
                iovs
                iovs
                Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
                The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
                0146-0404
                1552-5783
                October 2016
                : 57
                : 13
                : 5764-5771
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
                [2 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
                [3 ]California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, United States
                [4 ]Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, United States
                [5 ]Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, United States
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Glenn Yiu, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis Eye Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; gyiu@ 123456ucdavis.edu .
                Article
                iovs-57-11-58 IOVS-16-20070
                10.1167/iovs.16-20070
                5089220
                27792810
                72939146-2897-4963-8e14-90394d972ed4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 5 June 2016
                : 11 September 2016
                Categories
                Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging

                choroid,melanocytes,rhesus macaques,oct,imaging
                choroid, melanocytes, rhesus macaques, oct, imaging

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