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      Male Circumcision in the General Population of Kisumu, Kenya: Beliefs about Protection, Risk Behaviors, HIV, and STIs

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          Abstract

          Using a population-based survey we examined the behaviors, beliefs, and HIV/HSV-2 serostatus of men and women in the traditionally non-circumcising community of Kisumu, Kenya prior to establishment of voluntary medical male circumcision services. A total of 749 men and 906 women participated. Circumcision status was not associated with HIV/HSV-2 infection nor increased high risk sexual behaviors. In males, preference for being or becoming circumcised was associated with inconsistent condom use and increased lifetime number of sexual partners. Preference for circumcision was increased with understanding that circumcised men are less likely to become infected with HIV.

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          Male circumcision for the prevention of HSV-2 and HPV infections and syphilis.

          Patti E Gravitt, Lawrence Moulton, M. Wawer … (2009)
          Male circumcision significantly reduced the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among men in three clinical trials. We assessed the efficacy of male circumcision for the prevention of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and syphilis in HIV-negative adolescent boys and men. We enrolled 5534 HIV-negative, uncircumcised male subjects between the ages of 15 and 49 years in two trials of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Of these subjects, 3393 (61.3%) were HSV-2-seronegative at enrollment. Of the seronegative subjects, 1684 had been randomly assigned to undergo immediate circumcision (intervention group) and 1709 to undergo circumcision after 24 months (control group). At baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months, we tested subjects for HSV-2 and HIV infection and syphilis, along with performing physical examinations and conducting interviews. In addition, we evaluated a subgroup of subjects for HPV infection at baseline and at 24 months. At 24 months, the cumulative probability of HSV-2 seroconversion was 7.8% in the intervention group and 10.3% in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio in the intervention group, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 0.92; P=0.008). The prevalence of high-risk HPV genotypes was 18.0% in the intervention group and 27.9% in the control group (adjusted risk ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.90; P=0.009). However, no significant difference between the two study groups was observed in the incidence of syphilis (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.65; P=0.44). In addition to decreasing the incidence of HIV infection, male circumcision significantly reduced the incidence of HSV-2 infection and the prevalence of HPV infection, findings that underscore the potential public health benefits of the procedure. (ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00425984 and NCT00124878.) 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

            Kathleen Quigley, William Weiss, Keith R. Hayes (2000)
            To systematically review studies of male circumcision and the risk of HIV-1 infection in men in sub-Saharan Africa, and to summarize the findings in a meta-analysis. A meta-analysis of observational studies. A systematic literature review was carried out of studies published up to April 1999 that included circumcision as a risk factor for HIV-1 infection among men in sub-Saharan Africa. A random effects meta-analysis was used to calculate a pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for all studies combined, and stratified by type of study population. Further analyses were conducted among those studies that adjusted for potential confounding factors. Twenty-seven studies were included. Of these, 21 showed a reduced risk of HIV among circumcised men, being approximately half that in uncircumcised men (crude RR = 0.52, CI 0.40-0.68). In 15 studies that adjusted for potential confounding factors, the association was even stronger (adjusted RR = 0.42, CI 0.34-0.54). The association was stronger among men at high risk of HIV (crude RR = 0.27; adjusted RR = 0.29, CI 0.20-0.41) than among men in general populations (crude RR = 0.93; adjusted RR = 0.56, CI 0.44-0.70). Male circumcision is associated with a significantly reduced risk of HIV infection among men in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those at high risk of HIV. These results suggest that consideration should be given to the acceptability and feasibility of providing safe services for male circumcision as an additional HIV prevention strategy in areas of Africa where men are not traditionally circumcised.
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              Male circumcision for HIV prevention: from evidence to action?

              C. Hankins, Daniel S. Halperin, George Schmid … (2008)
              Article 0 comments Cited 60 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 December 2010
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e15552
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
                [2 ]Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
                [3 ]Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
                Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: RCB EAB MM CRC. Performed the experiments: ZK. Analyzed the data: MW. Wrote the paper: MW RCB EAB MM ZK CRC.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-10-03197
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015552
                PMC ID: 3002946
                PubMed ID: 21179493
                SO-VID: 72ba9dba-694d-46aa-8de0-26eee1cb5cab
                Copyright © Westercamp et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 7 October 2010
                Date accepted : 11 November 2010
                Page count
                Pages: 4
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Clinical Research Design
                Subject: Survey Research
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Infectious Disease Epidemiology
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
                Subject: AIDS
                Subject: Herpes Simplex
                Subject: Viral Diseases
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: HIV epidemiology
                Subject: HIV prevention
                Subject: Non-Clinical Medicine
                Subject: Health Care Policy
                Subject: Health Education and Awareness
                Subject: Sexual and Gender Issues
                Subject: Public Health
                Subject: Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health
                Subject: Preventive Medicine
                Subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Sexual and Gender Issues

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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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