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      Short‐term suppression of Aedes aegypti using genetic control does not facilitate Aedes albopictus

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND

          Under permit from the National Biosafety Commission for the use of genetically modified organisms, releases of a genetically engineered self‐limiting strain of Aedes aegypti ( OX513A) were used to suppress urban pest Ae. aegypti in West Panama. Experimental goals were to assess the effects on a coexisting population of Ae. albopictus and examine operational parameters with relevance to environmental impact.

          RESULTS

          Ae. albopictus populations were shown to be increasing year upon year at each of three study sites, potentially reflecting a broader‐scale incursion into the area. Ae. albopictus abundance was unaffected by a sustained reduction in Ae. aegypti by up to 93% through repeated releases of OX513A. Males accounted for 99.99% of released OX513A, resulting in a sustained mating fraction of 75%. Mean mating competitiveness of OX513A was 0.14. The proportion of OX513A in the local environment decreased by 95% within 25 days of the final release.

          CONCLUSIONS

          There was no evidence for species replacement of Ae. aegypti by Ae. albopictus over the course of this study. No unintentional environmental impacts or elevated operational risks were observed. The potential for this emerging technology to mitigate against disease outbreaks before they become established is discussed. © 2015 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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          Suppression of a Field Population of Aedes aegypti in Brazil by Sustained Release of Transgenic Male Mosquitoes

          Danilo O. Carvalho, Andrew McKemey, Luiza Garziera … (2015)
          The increasing burden of dengue, and the relative failure of traditional vector control programs highlight the need to develop new control methods. SIT using self-limiting genetic technology is one such promising method. A self-limiting strain of Aedes aegypti, OX513A, has already reached the stage of field evaluation. Sustained releases of OX513A Ae. aegypti males led to 80% suppression of a target wild Ae. aegypti population in the Cayman Islands in 2010. Here we describe sustained series of field releases of OX513A Ae. aegypti males in a suburb of Juazeiro, Bahia, Brazil. This study spanned over a year and reduced the local Ae. aegypti population by 95% (95% CI: 92.2%-97.5%) based on adult trap data and 81% (95% CI: 74.9-85.2%) based on ovitrap indices compared to the adjacent no-release control area. The mating competitiveness of the released males (0.031; 95% CI: 0.025-0.036) was similar to that estimated in the Cayman trials (0.059; 95% CI: 0.011 – 0.210), indicating that environmental and target-strain differences had little impact on the mating success of the OX513A males. We conclude that sustained release of OX513A males may be an effective and widely useful method for suppression of the key dengue vector Ae. aegypti. The observed level of suppression would likely be sufficient to prevent dengue epidemics in the locality tested and other areas with similar or lower transmission.
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            Economic Impact of Dengue Illness in the Americas

            Donald S. Shepard, Laurent Coudeville, Yara A. Halasa … (2011)
            The growing burden of dengue in endemic countries and outbreaks in previously unaffected countries stress the need to assess the economic impact of this disease. This paper synthesizes existing studies to calculate the economic burden of dengue illness in the Americas from a societal perspective. Major data sources include national case reporting data from 2000 to 2007, prospective cost of illness studies, and analyses quantifying underreporting in national routine surveillance systems. Dengue illness in the Americas was estimated to cost $2.1 billion per year on average (in 2010 US dollars), with a range of $1–4 billion in sensitivity analyses and substantial year to year variation. The results highlight the substantial economic burden from dengue in the Americas. The burden for dengue exceeds that from other viral illnesses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) or rotavirus. Because this study does not include some components (e.g., vector control), it may still underestimate total economic consequences of dengue.
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              High level of vector competence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from ten American countries as a crucial factor in the spread of Chikungunya virus.

              Anubis Vega-Rúa, Karima Zouache, Romain Girod … (2014)
              Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes a major public health problem. In 2004, CHIKV began an unprecedented global expansion and has been responsible for epidemics in Africa, Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean region, and surprisingly, in temperate regions, such as Europe. Intriguingly, no local transmission of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) had been reported in the Americas until recently, despite the presence of vectors and annually reported imported cases. Here, we assessed the vector competence of 35 American Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquito populations for three CHIKV genotypes. We also compared the number of viral particles of different CHIKV strains in mosquito saliva at two different times postinfection. Primarily, viral dissemination rates were high for all mosquito populations irrespective of the tested CHIKV isolate. In contrast, differences in transmission efficiency (TE) were underlined in populations of both species through the Americas, suggesting the role of salivary glands in selecting CHIKV for highly efficient transmission. Nonetheless, both mosquito species were capable of transmitting all three CHIKV genotypes, and TE reached alarming rates as high as 83.3% and 96.7% in A. aegypti and A. albopictus populations, respectively. A. albopictus better transmitted the epidemic mutant strain CHIKV_0621 of the East-Central-South African (ECSA) genotype than did A. aegypti, whereas the latter species was more capable of transmitting the original ECSA CHIKV_115 strain and also the Asian genotype CHIKV_NC. Therefore, a high risk of establishment and spread of CHIKV throughout the tropical, subtropical, and even temperate regions of the Americas is more real than ever. Until recently, the Americas had never reported chikungunya (CHIK) autochthonous transmission despite its global expansion beginning in 2004. Large regions of the continent are highly infested with Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, and millions of dengue (DEN) cases are annually recorded. Indeed, DEN virus and CHIK virus (CHIKV) share the same vectors. Due to a recent CHIK outbreak affecting Caribbean islands, the need for a Pan-American evaluation of vector competence was compelling as a key parameter in assessing the epidemic risk. We demonstrated for the first time that A. aegypti and A. albopictus populations throughout the continent are highly competent to transmit CHIK irrespective of the viral genotypes tested. The risk of CHIK spreading throughout the tropical, subtropical, and even temperate regions of the Americas is more than ever a reality. In light of our results, local authorities should immediately pursue and reinforce epidemiological and entomological surveillance to avoid a severe epidemic.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pest Manag Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pest Manag. Sci
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1526-4998
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PS
                Title: Pest Management Science
                Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Chichester, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 1526-498X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1526-4998
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 October 2015
                Publication date (Print): March 2016
                Volume: 72
                Issue: 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/ps.2016.72.issue-3 )
                Pages: 618-628
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Oxitec Limited Abingdon OxfordshireUK
                [ 2 ]Gorgas Memorial Institute for Human Health Ciudad de PanamáPanama
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Correspondence to: Kevin Gorman, Oxitec Limited, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RQ, UK. E‐mail: kevin.gorman@ 123456oxitec.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: PS4151
                DOI: 10.1002/ps.4151
                PMC ID: 5057309
                PubMed ID: 26374668
                SO-VID: 72c00242-d252-4fe7-a9f1-fcedf0d18457
                Copyright © © 2015 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 11 August 2015
                Date revision received : 08 September 2015
                Date accepted : 13 September 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id ps4151
                cover-date March 2016
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.9.4 mode:remove_FC converted:12.10.2016

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pests, Diseases & Weeds
                Keywords: mosquito,ox513a,transgenic,dengue,chikungunya,panama
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pests, Diseases & Weeds
                Keywords: mosquito, ox513a, transgenic, dengue, chikungunya, panama

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