Ação de fungos entomopatogênicos em larvas e adultos da mosca do figo Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

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Abstract

A mosca do figo, Zaprionus indianus, vem se disseminando no Brasil e causou nos últimos anos perdas de até 50% na produção de figos. Uma alternativa viável de controle desta mosca pode ser a utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos. Este trabalho foi conduzido em laboratório (27±1°C, UR 70±10% e fotoperíodo de 12h) para avaliar a suscetibilidade dos estágios de larva e adulto de Z. indianus a cinco concentrações (10(8) a 10(4) conídios mL-1) de B. bassiana (URM2915; ESALQ447) e M. anisopliae (URM3349; URM4403). Não houve mortalidade larval e o período de pré-pupa não sofreu alteração em relação ao grupo controle, já o estágio de pupa foi aumentado em até três dias quando se utilizou B. bassiana. A emergência de adultos diminuiu em relação ao grupo controle: 10,6% quando as larvas foram tratadas com a maior concentração de B. bassiana URM2916 e 2,0% com M. anisopliae URM4403. No bioensaio com adultos, a mortalidade máxima atingiu 98,7% com B. bassiana e 100,0% com M. anisopliae. Os menores valores da CL50 foram de 1,09x10(5) conídios mL-1 para B. bassiana URM2916 e de 1,94x10(4) conídios mL-1 para M. anisopliae URM4403. O tempo letal médio (TL50) variou de 4,5 a 6,12 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que ambos os fungos são eficientes e mostram ser promissores agentes biocontroladores da mosca do figo, com destaque para M. anisopliae URM4403.

Translated abstract

The "fig fly", Zaprionus indianus, has spread by in Brazil and in recent years and has caused losses of up to 50% in the production of figs. A viable alternative to control this fly may be the use of entomopathogenic fungi such. The present study was developed in laboratory (27±1°C, RH 70±10% and 12h photoperiod), to assess the susceptibility of larval and adult stages of Z. indianus to five concentrations (10(8) to 10(4) conidia mL-1) of B. bassiana (URM2915; ESALQ447) and M. anisopliae (URM3349; URM4403). There was no larval mortality and the pre-pupal period did not change compared with the control group, whereas the pupal stage was increased by up to three days when we used B. bassiana URM2916. The emergence of adults decreased compared to the control group and was 10.6% when the larvae were treated with the highest concentration of B. bassiana URM2916 and 2.0% for M. anisopliae URM4403. In the adult's bioassay, the maximum mortality reached 98.7% with B. bassiana and 100.0% with M. anisopliae. The lowest LC50 values were 1.09x10(5) conidia mL-1 for B. bassiana URM2916 and 1.94x10(4) conidia mL-1 for M. anisopliae URM4403. The medium lethal time (LT50) ranged from 4.5 to 6.12 days. The results showed that both fungi are efficient and promising biocontrol agents of fig fly, mainly M. anisopliae URM4403.

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Infection of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae reduces blood feeding and fecundity.

Bart G J Knols, Ernst-Jan Scholte, Willem Takken (2005)

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is being considered as a biocontrol agent against adult African malaria vectors. In addition to causing significant mortality, this pathogen is known to cause reductions in feeding and fecundity in a range of insects. In the present study we investigated whether infection with M. anisopliae affected blood feeding and fecundity of adult female malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto. Mosquitoes were contaminated with either a low or a moderately high dose of oil-formulated conidia of M. anisopliae, and offered a single human blood meal 48, 72, or 96 h later to assess feeding propensity and individual blood meal size. In a second experiment, individual fungus-infected females were offered a blood meal every third day (to a total of 8 gonotrophic cycles), and allowed to oviposit after each cycle in order to quantify feeding propensity and fecundity. Infected females took smaller blood meals and displayed reduced feeding propensity. It was found that mosquitoes, inoculated with a moderately high dose of fungal conidia, exhibited reduced appetite related to increasing fungal growth. Of the fungus-infected females, the proportion of mosquitoes taking the second blood meal was reduced with 51%. This was further reduced to 35.3% by the 4th blood meal. During 8 feeding opportunities, the average number of blood meals taken by uninfected females was 4.39, against 3.40 (low dose), and 2.07 (high dose) blood meals for the fungus-infected females. Moreover, infected females produced fewer eggs per gonotrophic cycle and had a lower life-time fecundity. Epidemiological models show that both blood feeding and fecundity are among the most important factors affecting the likelihood of a mosquito transmitting malaria, which suggests that this fungus may have potential as biocontrol agent for vector-borne disease control.