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      Correlated fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography of virus-infected or transfected mammalian cells

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          The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function.

          Advances in molecular biology, organic chemistry, and materials science have recently created several new classes of fluorescent probes for imaging in cell biology. Here we review the characteristic benefits and limitations of fluorescent probes to study proteins. The focus is on protein detection in live versus fixed cells: determination of protein expression, localization, activity state, and the possibility for combination of fluorescent light microscopy with electron microscopy. Small organic fluorescent dyes, nanocrystals ("quantum dots"), autofluorescent proteins, small genetic encoded tags that can be complexed with fluorochromes, and combinations of these probes are highlighted.
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            Illuminating single molecules in condensed matter.

            Efficient collection and detection of fluorescence coupled with careful minimization of background from impurities and Raman scattering now enable routine optical microscopy and study of single molecules in complex condensed matter environments. This ultimate method for unraveling ensemble averages leads to the observation of new effects and to direct measurements of stochastic fluctuations. Experiments at cryogenic temperatures open new directions in molecular spectroscopy, quantum optics, and solid-state dynamics. Room-temperature investigations apply several techniques (polarization microscopy, single-molecule imaging, emission time dependence, energy transfer, lifetime studies, and the like) to a growing array of biophysical problems where new insight may be gained from direct observations of hidden static and dynamic inhomogeneity.
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              Focused-ion-beam thinning of frozen-hydrated biological specimens for cryo-electron microscopy.

              Cryo-electron microscopy can provide high-resolution structural information about cells and organelles in the nearly native, frozen-hydrated state. Applicability, however, is limited by difficulties encountered in preparing suitably thin, vitreously frozen biological specimens. We demonstrate, by cryo-electron tomography of Escherichia coli cells, that a focused ion beam (FIB) can be used to thin whole frozen-hydrated cells in a convenient and essentially artifact-free way.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nature Protocols
                Nat Protoc
                Springer Nature
                1754-2189
                1750-2799
                December 15 2016
                December 15 2016
                : 12
                : 1
                : 150-167
                Article
                10.1038/nprot.2016.168
                5385890
                27977021
                72e4e2e8-9c77-43db-998a-eae326dc8b5a
                © 2016
                History

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