Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins Occurrence and Removal from Five High-Risk Conventional Treatment Drinking Water Plants

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Abstract

An environmental protection agency EPA expert workshop prioritized three cyanotoxins, microcystins, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin (MAC), as being important in freshwaters of the United States. This study evaluated the prevalence of potentially toxin producing cyanobacteria cell numbers relative to the presence and quantity of the MAC toxins in the context of this framework. Total and potential toxin producing cyanobacteria cell counts were conducted on weekly raw and finished water samples from utilities located in five US states. An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) was used to screen the raw and finished water samples for microcystins. High-pressure liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC/PDA) verified microcystin concentrations and quantified anatoxin-a and cylindrospermopsin concentrations. Four of the five utilities experienced cyanobacterial blooms in their raw water. Raw water samples from three utilities showed detectable levels of microcystins and a fourth utility had detectable levels of both microcystin and cylindrospermopsin. No utilities had detectable concentrations of anatoxin-a. These conventional plants effectively removed the cyanobacterial cells and all finished water samples showed MAC levels below the detection limit by ELISA and HPLC/PDA.

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Most cited references 39

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Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR.

S Nishiwaki, K Kohyama, R Nishiwaki … (1991)

Certain waterblooms of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are a health threat because of their production of toxic peptides, termed microcystins, which cause liver damage in wild and domesticated animals. The most widely studied microcystin is microcystin-LR, a heptapeptide containing the two L-amino acids, leucine and arginine. The inhibition of protein phosphatase type 1 and type 2A activities by microcystin-LR is similar to that of the known protein phosphatase inhibitor and tumor promoter okadaic acid. We show in this report that microcystin-LR, applied below the acute toxicity level, dose-dependently increases the number and percentage area of positive foci for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase in rat liver, which was initiated with diethylnitrosamine. The result was obtained independently through two animal experiments. This observation indicates that microcystin-LR is a new liver tumor promoter mediated through inhibition of protein phosphatase type 1 and type 2A activities. This provides further evidence that the okadaic acid pathway is a general mechanism of tumor promotion in various organs, such as mouse skin, rat glandular stomach and rat liver.

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Diversity of microcystin genes within a population of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis spp. in Lake Wannsee (Berlin, Germany).

E Dittmann, I Chorus, Rainer Kurmayer … (2001)

In order to find out how many genotypes determine microcystin production of Microcystis spp. in field populations, single colonies (clones) were sampled from Lake Wannsee (Berlin, Germany), characterized morphologically, and subsequently analyzed by PCR for a region within the mcyB gene encoding the activation of one amino acid during microcystin biosynthesis. The different morphospecies varied considerably in the proportion of microcystin-producing genotypes. Most colonies (73%) of M. aeruginosa contained this gene whereas only 16% of the colonies assigned to M. ichthyoblabe and no colonies of M. wesenbergii gave a PCR product of the mcyB gene. Restriction fragment length polymorphism revealed seven restriction profiles showing low variability in nucleotide sequence within each restriction type (0.4-4%) and a low to high variability (1.6-38%) between restriction types. In addition, the sequences of amino acids within the mcyB gene were analyzed to compare the specificity of the amino acid activation during microcystin biosynthesis between restriction types and with the occurrence of amino acids in microcystin variants as detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Most of the microcystin-producing colonies showed high similarity in the sequence of amino acids and contained microcystin-LR (LR refers to leucine and arginine in the variable positions of the heptapeptide), microcystin-RR, and microcystin-YR, as well as other variants in minor concentrations. It is concluded that the gene product found for most of the microcystin-producing colonies in the lake is rather unspecific and the diversity of microcystin variants in the lake results from activation of various amino acids during microcystin biosynthesis in the same genotypes.

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Stability of cylindrospermopsin, the toxin from the cyanobacterium,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: Effect of pH, temperature, and sunlight on decomposition

Robyn Chiswell, Glen R Shaw, Geoff Eaglesham … (1999)

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Author and article information

Contributors

Elizabeth D. Hilborn: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Toxins (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Toxins (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): toxins

Title: Toxins

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6651

Publication date (Electronic): 12 June 2015

Publication date Collection: June 2015

Volume: 7

Issue: 6

Pages: 2198-2220

Affiliations

[1 ]Chemistry Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; E-Mail: szlag@ 123456oakland.edu

[2 ]Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, Technical Support Center, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; E-Mail: sinclair.james@ 123456epa.gov

[3 ]Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783, USA; E-Mail: bsouthwell@ 123456lssu.edu

[4 ]Lumigen Instrument Center, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; E-Mail: westrick@ 123456chem.wayne.edu

Author notes

[†]

These authors contributed equally to this work.

[* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: westrick@ 123456chem.wayne.edu ; Tel.: +1-313-577-2579.

Article

Publisher ID: toxins-07-02198

DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062198

PMC ID: 4488698

PubMed ID: 26075379

SO-VID: 732ced02-ee79-4c97-9337-df28b8c7f102

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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins Occurrence and Removal from Five High-Risk Conventional Treatment Drinking Water Plants

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Abstract

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Bacterial extracellular vesicles

Most cited references 39

Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR.

Diversity of microcystin genes within a population of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis spp. in Lake Wannsee (Berlin, Germany).

Stability of cylindrospermopsin, the toxin from the cyanobacterium,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: Effect of pH, temperature, and sunlight on decomposition

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