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      Utilizing Bacteria-Derived Components for Cancer Immunotherapy

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          Abstract

          Bacteria-related cancer immunotherapy, because of its mechanisms and useful applications in the induction of anti-tumor immunity, has gained substantial attention in recent decades. Bacteria can enable targeting of tumors, and specifically can colonize the core tumor area. Because they contain many pathogen-associated molecular patterns—which efficiently stimulate immune cells, even within microenvironments that suppress anti-tumor immunity—bacteria boost immunological recognition leading to the destruction of malignant cells. This Editorial highlights various bacteria with immunotherapeutic effects and their by-products used as immunotherapeutics.

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          Regulatory T cells in cancer immunotherapy

          Atsushi Tanaka, Shimon Sakaguchi (2017)
          FOXP3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells, which suppress aberrant immune response against self-antigens, also suppress anti-tumor immune response. Infiltration of a large number of Treg cells into tumor tissues is often associated with poor prognosis. There is accumulating evidence that the removal of Treg cells is able to evoke and enhance anti-tumor immune response. However, systemic depletion of Treg cells may concurrently elicit deleterious autoimmunity. One strategy for evoking effective tumor immunity without autoimmunity is to specifically target terminally differentiated effector Treg cells rather than all FOXP3+ T cells, because effector Treg cells are the predominant cell type in tumor tissues. Various cell surface molecules, including chemokine receptors such as CCR4, that are specifically expressed by effector Treg cells can be the candidates for depleting effector Treg cells by specific cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies. In addition, other immunological characteristics of effector Treg cells, such as their high expression of CTLA-4, active proliferation, and apoptosis-prone tendency, can be exploited to control specifically their functions. For example, anti-CTLA-4 antibody may kill effector Treg cells or attenuate their suppressive activity. It is hoped that combination of Treg-cell targeting (e.g., by reducing Treg cells or attenuating their suppressive activity in tumor tissues) with the activation of tumor-specific effector T cells (e.g., by cancer vaccine or immune checkpoint blockade) will make the current cancer immunotherapy more effective.
          Article 0 comments Cited 524 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Outer-membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria: biogenesis and functions.

            Carmen Schwechheimer, Meta Kuehn (2015)
            Outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical buds of the outer membrane filled with periplasmic content and are commonly produced by Gram-negative bacteria. The production of OMVs allows bacteria to interact with their environment, and OMVs have been found to mediate diverse functions, including promoting pathogenesis, enabling bacterial survival during stress conditions and regulating microbial interactions within bacterial communities. Additionally, because of this functional versatility, researchers have begun to explore OMVs as a platform for bioengineering applications. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the study of OMVs, focusing on new insights into the mechanisms of biogenesis and the functions of these vesicles.
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              Regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer: Can Treg cells be a new therapeutic target?

              Yoshihiro Ohue, Hiroyoshi Nishikawa (2019)
              Abstract Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress abnormal/excessive immune responses to self‐ and nonself‐antigens to maintain immune homeostasis. In tumor immunity, Treg cells are involved in tumor development and progression by inhibiting antitumor immunity. There are several Treg cell immune suppressive mechanisms: inhibition of costimulatory signals by CD80 and CD86 expressed by dendritic cells through cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4, interleukin (IL)‐2 consumption by high‐affinity IL‐2 receptors with high CD25 (IL‐2 receptor α‐chain) expression, secretion of inhibitory cytokines, metabolic modulation of tryptophan and adenosine, and direct killing of effector T cells. Infiltration of Treg cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME) occurs in multiple murine and human tumors. Regulatory T cells are chemoattracted to the TME by chemokine gradients such as CCR4‐CCL17/22, CCR8‐CCL1, CCR10‐CCL28, and CXCR3‐CCL9/10/11. Regulatory T cells are then activated and inhibit antitumor immune responses. A high infiltration by Treg cells is associated with poor survival in various types of cancer. Therefore, strategies to deplete Treg cells and control of Treg cell functions to increase antitumor immune responses are urgently required in the cancer immunotherapy field. Various molecules that are highly expressed by Treg cells, such as immune checkpoint molecules, chemokine receptors, and metabolites, have been targeted by Abs or small molecules, but additional strategies are needed to fine‐tune and optimize for augmenting antitumor effects restricted in the TME while avoiding systemic autoimmunity. Here, we provide a brief synopsis of these cells in cancer and how they can be controlled to achieve therapeutic outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BIOI
                Title: BIO Integration
                Abbreviated Title: BIOI
                Publisher: Compuscript (Ireland )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2712-0082
                ISSN (Print): 2712-0074
                Publication date (Print): December 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 August 2022
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 180-187
                Affiliations
                [1] 1College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210-037, China
                [2] 2Cell Factory Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                *Correspondence to: Long Jin, Tel: +86-25-8542-7210, Fax: +86-25-8542-7210, E-mail: isacckim@ 123456alumni.kaist.ac.kr

                aThese authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: bioi20220022
                DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2022-0022
                SO-VID: 734992df-f528-4f2f-a532-b82d97440745
                Copyright statement: Copyright © 2022 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See https://bio-integration.org/copyright-and-permissions/

                Product
                Self URI (journal-page): https://bio-integration.org/
                Categories
                Subject: Mini Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Molecular medicine,Radiology & Imaging,Biotechnology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine,Microscopy & Imaging
                Keywords: Listeria ,immunotherapy, Lactobacillus , Salmonella ,Immunotherapeutics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Molecular medicine, Radiology & Imaging, Biotechnology, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine, Microscopy & Imaging
                Keywords: Listeria , immunotherapy, Lactobacillus , Salmonella , Immunotherapeutics

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