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      Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of Dracaena cinnabari resin methanol extract in rats

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          Abstract

          Background

          Dracaena cinnabari (DC) is a perennial tree that located on the Southern coast of Yemen native to the Socotra Island. This tree produces a deep red resin known as the Dragon’s blood, the Twobrother’s Blood or Damm Alakhwain. The current study performed to evaluate the safety of the DC resin methanol extract after a single or 28 consecutive daily oral administrations.

          Methods

          In assessing the safety of DC resin methanol extract, acute and sub-acute oral toxicity tests performed following OECD guidelines 423 and 407, respectively, with slight modifications. In acute oral toxicity test, DC resin methanol extract administered to female Sprague Dawley rats by oral gavage at a single dose of 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight. Rats observed for toxic signs for 14 days. In sub-acute oral toxicity test, DC resin methanol extract administered to the rats by oral gavage at 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg body weight daily up to 28 days to male and female Spradgue Dawley rats. The control and high dose in satellite groups were also maintained and handled as the previous groups to determine the late onset toxicity of DC resin methanol extract. At the end of each test, hematological and biochemical analysis of the collected blood were performed as well as gross and microscopic pathology.

          Results

          In acute oral toxicity, no treatment-related death or toxic signs were observed. It revealed that the DC resin methanol extract could be well tolerated up to the dose 2000 mg/kg body weight and could be classified as Category 5. The sub-acute test observations indicated that there are no treatment-related changes up to the high dose level compared to the control. Food consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters and histopathological examination (liver, kidney, heart, spleen and lung) revealed no abnormalities. Water intake was significantly higher in the DC resin methanol extract treated groups compared to the control.

          Conclusion

          This study demonstrates tolerability of DC resin methanol extract administered daily for 28 days up to 1500 mg/kg dose.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2110-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references35

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          Clinical chemistry and haematology historical data in control Sprague-Dawley rats from pre-clinical toxicity studies.

          The purpose of this paper is to provide historical data pertaining to clinical chemistry and haematology parameters, obtained from control Sprague-Dawley rats, used in pre-clinical toxicity studies. Mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values for haematological and coagulative profiles, haemato-biochemistry and urine analysis data, and the differences per sex and study duration, 4 versus 13 weeks, are presented. The studies were conducted in agreement with the GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) regulations. Statistically significant differences, at the confidence level of 99%, for the red blood cell (RBC) parameters, the white blood cell (WBC) series parameters, plasmatic albumin/globulin (A/G), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, globulin, glucose, sodium, total protein, tryglycerides, urea and urine volume were observed in males, when 4-week study values were compared with those obtained from 13-week studies. Female rats showed statistically significant variations, at the confidence level of 99% for RBC number and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean red blood cell volume (MCV), WBCs count and lymphocytes percentage, A/G, albumin, ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, globulin, and sodium, when 4-week study values were compared to 13-week studies. Similar differences were observed comparing the female with male haematological and biochemical data for the two different times of the sample collection. These data could be useful as a reference for evaluation of background pathology in Sprague-Dawley rats, when used in studies performed to evaluate the toxicological profile of a new chemical entity (NCE) in agreement with requirements from international regulatory agencies.
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            Acute Oral Toxicity of Methanolic Seed Extract of Cassia fistula in Mice

            Background and objective: Cassia fistula is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various types of ailments. The evaluation of toxic properties of C. fistula is crucial when considering public health protection because exposure to plant extracts can result in undesirable effects on consumers. Hence, in this study the acute oral toxicity of C. fistula seeds extract was investigated in mice. Results: Oral administration of crude extract at the highest dose of 5000 mg/kg resulted in no mortalities or evidence of adverse effects, implying that C. fistula in nontoxic. Throughout 14 days of the treatment no changes in behavioural pattern, clinical sign and body weight of mice in both control and treatment groups. Also there were no any significant elevations observed in the biochemical analysis of the blood serum. Further, histopathological examination revealed normal architecture and no significant adverse effects observed on the kidney, heart, liver, lung and spleen. Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that, the oral administration of C. fistula methanolic seeds extract did not produce any significant toxic effect in mice. Hence, the extract can be utilized for pharmaceutical formulations.
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              Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants of the island Soqotra.

              Twenty-five selected plants belonging to 19 families were collected from different localities of the island Soqotra, dried and extracted with the solvents chloroform, methanol and hot water to yield 80 extracts. The extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against one yeast species using agar diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was demonstrated especially against Gram-positive bacteria including multiresistant Staphylococcus strains. The greatest activity was exhibited by the methanolic extracts of Boswellia elongata, Boswellia ameero, Buxus hildebrandtii, Commiphora parvifolia, Jatropha unicostata, Kalanchoe farinacea, Pulicaria stephanocarpa, Punica protopunica, Withania adunensis and Withania riebeckii. Only the methanolic extract of Buxus hildebrandtii displayed significant antifungal activity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                dr_nash1@yahoo.com
                aied_absi@yahoo.com
                marinab@um.edu.my
                drranand@um.edu.my
                Journal
                BMC Complement Altern Med
                BMC Complement Altern Med
                BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
                BioMed Central (London )
                1472-6882
                5 February 2018
                5 February 2018
                2018
                : 18
                : 50
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2308 5949, GRID grid.10347.31, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, , University of Malaya, ; 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0366 8575, GRID grid.459705.a, Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, , MAHSA University, ; 42610 Jenjarom, Selangor Malaysia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2308 5949, GRID grid.10347.31, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, , University of Malaya, ; Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2308 5949, GRID grid.10347.31, Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, , University of Malaya, ; Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia
                Article
                2110
                10.1186/s12906-018-2110-3
                5800047
                29402248
                7357391f-fc3c-4f7e-aa20-c0f91043dac0
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 7 April 2017
                : 24 January 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004386, Universiti Malaya;
                Award ID: RG422/12HTM
                Funded by: Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MY)
                Award ID: UM.C/625/1/HIR/MoE/DENT /24
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Complementary & Alternative medicine
                dc resin methanol extract,acute oral toxicity,sub-acute oral toxicity,histopathology,hematological parameters,biochemical parameters

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