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      Blind spots in global soil biodiversity and ecosystem function research

      research-article
      1 , 2 , , 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 , 1 , 6 , 1 , 6 , 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 ,   9 , 10 , 9 , 3 , 1 , 4 , 11 , 1 , 6 , 1 , 6 , 1 , 6 , 12 , 1 , 1 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 1 , 6
      Nature Communications
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Biogeography, Biogeochemistry, Macroecology, Research data

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          Abstract

          Soils harbor a substantial fraction of the world’s biodiversity, contributing to many crucial ecosystem functions. It is thus essential to identify general macroecological patterns related to the distribution and functioning of soil organisms to support their conservation and consideration by governance. These macroecological analyses need to represent the diversity of environmental conditions that can be found worldwide. Here we identify and characterize existing environmental gaps in soil taxa and ecosystem functioning data across soil macroecological studies and 17,186 sampling sites across the globe. These data gaps include important spatial, environmental, taxonomic, and functional gaps, and an almost complete absence of temporally explicit data. We also identify the limitations of soil macroecological studies to explore general patterns in soil biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships, with only 0.3% of all sampling sites having both information about biodiversity and function, although with different taxonomic groups and functions at each site. Based on this information, we provide clear priorities to support and expand soil macroecological research.

          Abstract

          Soil organism biodiversity contributes to ecosystem function, but biodiversity and function have not been equivalently studied across the globe. Here the authors identify locations, environment types, and taxonomic groups for which there is currently a lack of biodiversity and ecosystem function data in the existing literature.

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          Most cited references129

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          A global atlas of the dominant bacteria found in soil

          The immense diversity of soil bacterial communities has stymied efforts to characterize individual taxa and document their global distributions. We analyzed soils from 237 locations across six continents and found that only 2% of bacterial phylotypes (~500 phylotypes) consistently accounted for almost half of the soil bacterial communities worldwide. Despite the overwhelming diversity of bacterial communities, relatively few bacterial taxa are abundant in soils globally. We clustered these dominant taxa into ecological groups to build the first global atlas of soil bacterial taxa. Our study narrows down the immense number of bacterial taxa to a "most wanted" list that will be fruitful targets for genomic and cultivation-based efforts aimed at improving our understanding of soil microbes and their contributions to ecosystem functioning.
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            Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome

            Soils harbour some of the most diverse microbiomes on Earth and are essential for both nutrient cycling and carbon storage. To understand soil functioning, it is necessary to model the global distribution patterns and functional gene repertoires of soil microorganisms, as well as the biotic and environmental associations between the diversity and structure of both bacterial and fungal soil communities1-4. Here we show, by leveraging metagenomics and metabarcoding of global topsoil samples (189 sites, 7,560 subsamples), that bacterial, but not fungal, genetic diversity is highest in temperate habitats and that microbial gene composition varies more strongly with environmental variables than with geographic distance. We demonstrate that fungi and bacteria show global niche differentiation that is associated with contrasting diversity responses to precipitation and soil pH. Furthermore, we provide evidence for strong bacterial-fungal antagonism, inferred from antibiotic-resistance genes, in topsoil and ocean habitats, indicating the substantial role of biotic interactions in shaping microbial communities. Our results suggest that both competition and environmental filtering affect the abundance, composition and encoded gene functions of bacterial and fungal communities, indicating that the relative contributions of these microorganisms to global nutrient cycling varies spatially.
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              Microbial diversity drives multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems

              Despite the importance of microbial communities for ecosystem services and human welfare, the relationship between microbial diversity and multiple ecosystem functions and services (that is, multifunctionality) at the global scale has yet to be evaluated. Here we use two independent, large-scale databases with contrasting geographic coverage (from 78 global drylands and from 179 locations across Scotland, respectively), and report that soil microbial diversity positively relates to multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems. The direct positive effects of microbial diversity were maintained even when accounting simultaneously for multiple multifunctionality drivers (climate, soil abiotic factors and spatial predictors). Our findings provide empirical evidence that any loss in microbial diversity will likely reduce multifunctionality, negatively impacting the provision of services such as climate regulation, soil fertility and food and fibre production by terrestrial ecosystems.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                carlos.guerra@idiv.de
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                3 August 2020
                3 August 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 3870
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 7470 3956, GRID grid.421064.5, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0679 2801, GRID grid.9018.0, Institute of Biology, , Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, ; 06108 Halle(Saale), Germany
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0492 3830, GRID grid.7492.8, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Soil Ecology, ; 06108 Halle(Saale), Germany
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9247 8466, GRID grid.420081.f, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, ; Braunschweig, Germany
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0492 3830, GRID grid.7492.8, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 7669 9786, GRID grid.9647.c, Institute of Biology, , Leipzig University, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9116 4836, GRID grid.14095.39, Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Altensteinstr. 6, ; 14195 Berlin, Germany
                [8 ]GRID grid.452299.1, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), ; Altensteinstr. 34, 14195 Berlin, Germany
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2206 5938, GRID grid.28479.30, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán Sin Número, ; Móstoles, 28933 Spain
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2168 1800, GRID grid.5268.9, Departamento de Ecología and Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef, , Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, ; Alicante, Spain
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1090 0254, GRID grid.6738.a, Microbiology, Braunschweig University of Technology, ; Braunschweig, Germany
                [12 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0492 3830, GRID grid.7492.8, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, ; Braunschweig, Germany
                [13 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1939 2794, GRID grid.9613.d, Institute of Biodiversity, , Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Straße 159, ; 07743 Jena, Germany
                [14 ]ISNI 0000000121662407, GRID grid.5379.8, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, , The University of Manchester, ; Manchester, M13 9PT UK
                [15 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8219, GRID grid.412362.0, Department of Environmental Science, , Saint Mary’s University, ; Halifax, NS Canada
                [16 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2107 2298, GRID grid.49697.35, Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, , University of Pretoria, ; Pretoria, South Africa
                [17 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1012 4769, GRID grid.426231.0, Slovenian Forestry Institute, ; Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [18 ]ISNI 0000 0004 6481 8274, GRID grid.499370.0, Instituto de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, , Universidad de O’Higgins, ; Rancagua, Chile
                [19 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0487 459X, GRID grid.7119.e, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, , Universidad Austral de Chile, ; Valdivia, Chile
                [20 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1758 4137, GRID grid.434554.7, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), ; Ispra, Italy
                [21 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, GRID grid.1029.a, Hawkesbury Institute for the environment, , Western Sydney University, ; Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
                [22 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, GRID grid.1029.a, Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, , Western Sydney University, ; Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
                [23 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8083, GRID grid.47894.36, School of Global Environmental Sustainability and Department of Biology, , Colorado State University, ; Fort Collins, CO 80523-1036 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4917-2105
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9780-1933
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-9802
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-8767
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-7853
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7434-4856
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-576X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-0006
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3909-7201
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-5934
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9593-7300
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8572-4486
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-0975
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5131-0127
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-8587
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-8929
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8390-6654
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-4185
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-5235
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720
                Article
                17688
                10.1038/s41467-020-17688-2
                7400591
                32747621
                737e64bc-b8f0-41cc-8153-cc971bd8aca6
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 5 March 2019
                : 10 July 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation);
                Award ID: FZT118
                Award ID: FOR1451
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100010663, EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council);
                Award ID: 677232
                Award Recipient :
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                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                biogeography,biogeochemistry,macroecology,research data
                Uncategorized
                biogeography, biogeochemistry, macroecology, research data

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