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      Knowledge, perception and attitude about Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) among medical and pharmacy students of Pakistan

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          Abstract

          Background

          Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic (CCHF) is a deadly tick born disease caused by a virus of genus Nairovirus and is endemic in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Eastern areas of Europe. Pakistan is a CCHF endemic country with a constant threat of sporadic outbreaks. Health care workers are more prone to CCHF, hence, it is a prerequisite for members of the healthcare team to stay abreast with current knowledge and display positive attitude and perception. This study assessed the medical and pharmacy students’ preparedness level in terms of CCHF control and management.

          Methods

          A total of 900 consenting students were selected randomly, who completed a predesigned and validated questionnaire which assessed the participant’s general knowledge, emergency preparedness control and management of CCHF. Data were analyzed by SPSS (IBM SPSS version 21). For data analysis percentages, P-value, t-test, the independent sample mean, Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Logistic regression, and Spearman correlation were utilized.

          Results

          Among 900 study respondents, 68% were females and 32% were males, out of which physicians (MBBS) students were 48.4%, and pharmacists students were 51.6%. Majority of the respondents 39.9% were from age group of 22–25 years. Overall 43% healthcare students demonstrated good knowledge about disease causes, transmission, and treatment options. Additionally, 81% of the study participants showed positive attitude, whereas, 69% students demonstrated positive perceptions. The correlation coefficient showed positive correlation between attitude- perception ( r = 0.268, p value = 0.000), knowledge- attitude ( r = 0.234, p value = 0.000) and knowledge- perception ( r = 0.257, p value = 0.000).

          Conclusions

          Knowledge gaps were observed which is alarming. These gaps were multifactorial and mainly due to lack of knowledge, poor motivation, and old syllabus which needs to be addressed. The study results show that it is crucial to evaluate current curriculum and also showing a dire need of awareness seminars, conferences workshops to highlight and educate about the current endemic disease to future health care professionals.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6248-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references12

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          Impact of education on knowledge, attitudes and practices among various categories of health care workers on nosocomial infections.

          To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices among the different health care workers (HCWs) on nosocomial infections. A total of 150 HCWs, doctors (n=50), nurses (n=50) and ward aides (n=50) were included. A questionnaire was administered to the HCWs to assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices on nosocomial infections. A scoring system was devised to grade those (KAP score). They were further subjected to a series of similar questionnaires at intervals of 6, 12 and 24 months after an education module. Subjects in each category of staff (n=10) were observed for compliance to hand washing practices in the ward in the post-education period. Statistical analysis was done using statistical software. The study showed an increase in the number of subjects in each category scoring good and excellent in the post-education questionnaire; however this declined with the progress of time. It was observed that the compliance level to hand washing practices differed among the different HCWs. Total compliance was 63.3% and ward aides were most compliant 76.7% (adjusted Wald 95% CI= 58.80-88.48). Education has a positive impact on retention of knowledge, attitudes and practices in all the categories of staff. There is a need to develop a system of continuous education for all the categories of staff. In order to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections, compliance with interventions are mandatory.
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            Health status of the Pakistani population: a health profile and comparison with the United States.

            The health status of the Pakistani population was compared with that of the US population to provide a better understanding of the health problems in a developing nation and shed light on the dynamics of selected diseases. Results from the National Health Survey of Pakistan (n = 18,315) and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 31,311) were compared. Standardized and comparable methods were used in both surveys. Indicators of undernutrition among children were high throughout Pakistan. Among adults, there were urban-rural differences and economic gradients in indicators of undernutrition and risk factors for heart disease and cancer. In comparison with the US population, the Pakistani population has a higher rate of undernutrition, a lower rate of high cholesterol, and an approximately equal rate of high blood pressure. There are major inequalities in health within Pakistan and between Pakistan and the United States. Standardized national health examination survey methodology can be used to monitor health status and plan health transition policy in developing countries.
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              Epidemiologic Features and Risk Factors of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Samsun Province, Turkey

              Background Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne infectious disease that has a considerable mortality risk and is a challenge for the population of endemic rural areas and health care workers. This study investigated the epidemiologic features and main risk factors of CCHF in Samsun Province, Turkey, using CCHF cases diagnosed from 2007 to 2011 recorded by the Samsun Provincial Health Directorate. Methods In the study area, 126 cases were evaluated statistically and spatially. Minitab 16 software was used for statistical analysis of the data, and ArcGIS 9.3 software was used for spatial analysis. Results Among those who received a diagnosis of CCHF, 69 (54.7%) were male, 57 (45.3%) were female, 114 (90.5%) were discharged, and 12 (9.5%) died. A total of 112 of the 126 (88.9%) cases occurred at an altitude higher than 600 m. In addition, 84.1% of cases were reported during May through July, which are the busiest months for those working in the agriculture and animal husbandry sectors. Conclusions CCHF causes severe disease and has a high mortality rate (about 10% in Turkey). Early diagnosis of CCHF can be improved by periodic education of people at high risk, ie, men and women working in agriculture and animal husbandry in rural areas and those working in health care.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                aliahmed@bs.qau.edu.pk
                mariatanveer@bs.qau.edu.pk
                msaqlain@bs.qau.edu.pk
                gmkhan@qau.edu.pk
                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2458
                3 December 2018
                3 December 2018
                2018
                : 18
                : 1333
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000 0001 2215 1297, GRID grid.412621.2, Department of Pharmacy, , Quaid-I-Azam University, ; Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8964-1853
                Article
                6248
                10.1186/s12889-018-6248-1
                6276267
                30509226
                7392cde9-4c81-467f-8b17-b0373c2034e4
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 20 August 2018
                : 22 November 2018
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Public health
                cchf,healthcare professionals,knowledge,eid-ul-azha,pakistan’s
                Public health
                cchf, healthcare professionals, knowledge, eid-ul-azha, pakistan’s

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