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      LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis

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          Abstract

          The LeishVet group has formed recommendations designed primarily to help the veterinary clinician in the management of canine leishmaniosis. The complexity of this zoonotic infection and the wide range of its clinical manifestations, from inapparent infection to severe disease, make the management of canine leishmaniosis challenging. The recommendations were constructed by combining a comprehensive review of evidence-based studies, extensive clinical experience and critical consensus opinion discussions. The guidelines presented here in a short version with graphical topic displays suggest standardized and rational approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, control and prevention of canine leishmaniosis. A staging system that divides the disease into four stages is aimed at assisting the clinician in determining the appropriate therapy, forecasting prognosis, and implementing follow-up steps required for the management of the leishmaniosis patient.

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          The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years.

          Jorge Alvar, Pilar Aparicio, Abraham Aseffa … (2008)
          To date, most Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection cases reported to WHO come from Southern Europe. Up to the year 2001, nearly 2,000 cases of coinfection were identified, of which 90% were from Spain, Italy, France, and Portugal. However, these figures are misleading because they do not account for the large proportion of cases in many African and Asian countries that are missed due to a lack of diagnostic facilities and poor reporting systems. Most cases of coinfection in the Americas are reported in Brazil, where the incidence of leishmaniasis has spread in recent years due to overlap with major areas of HIV transmission. In some areas of Africa, the number of coinfection cases has increased dramatically due to social phenomena such as mass migration and wars. In northwest Ethiopia, up to 30% of all visceral leishmaniasis patients are also infected with HIV. In Asia, coinfections are increasingly being reported in India, which also has the highest global burden of leishmaniasis and a high rate of resistance to antimonial drugs. Based on the previous experience of 20 years of coinfection in Europe, this review focuses on the management of Leishmania-HIV-coinfected patients in low-income countries where leishmaniasis is endemic.
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            Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis.

            L Solano-Gallego, A. Koutinas, G Miró … (2009)
            Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a life threatening zoonotic disease with a wide distribution in four continents and importance also in non-endemic regions. The purpose of this report is to present a consensus of opinions on the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of CanL in order to standardize the management of this infection. CanL is a disease in which infection does not equal clinical illness due to the high prevalence of subclinical infection among endemic canine populations. The most useful diagnostic approaches include serology by quantitative techniques and PCR. High antibody levels are associated with severe parasitism and disease and are diagnostic of clinical leishmaniosis. However, the presence of lower antibody levels is not necessarily indicative of disease and further work-up is necessary to confirm CanL by other diagnostic methods such as cytology, histopathology and PCR. We propose a system of four clinical stages, based on clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities and serological status. Suitable therapy and expected prognosis are presented for each of the stages. The combination of meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol constitutes the first line pharmaceutical protocol. However, although most dogs recover clinically after therapy, complete elimination of the parasite is usually not achieved and infected dogs may eventually relapse. Follow-up of treated dogs with blood counts, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, serology and PCR is essential for prevention of relapses. Protection against sand fly bites by topical insecticides is effective in reducing infection, and recent development of vaccines has indicated that prevention by vaccination is feasible.
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              Canine leishmaniosis - new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one.

              Gad Baneth, Alexander Koutinas, Laia Solano-Gallego … (2008)
              Recent research has provided new insights on the epidemiology, pathology and immunology of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and its genetic basis. The prevalence of infection in endemic areas is considerably higher than that of apparent clinical illness. In addition, infection spreads rapidly among dogs in the presence of optimal conditions for transmission. Infection involves a variety of granulomatous and harmful immune-mediated responses, and susceptibility to the disease is influenced by a complex genetic basis. These concepts will be instrumental for devising control programs. This review, the first in a series of two articles on CanL, presents an updated view on progress in elucidating the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this challenging disease, and the second part focuses on advances in diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors
                Title: Parasites & Vectors
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 May 2011
                Volume: 4
                Page: 86
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Dep. Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College of London, UK
                [2 ]Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
                [3 ]Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
                [4 ]Dep. de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
                [5 ]Dip.to Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
                [6 ]Dep. de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
                [7 ]Ecole Nationale Veterinaire Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), France
                [8 ]Dep. of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
                [9 ]School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Israel
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1756-3305-4-86
                DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-86
                PMC ID: 3125381
                PubMed ID: 21599936
                SO-VID: 7398f8fb-0213-4292-a48c-67cfd814511b
                Copyright © Copyright ©2011 Solano-Gallego et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 25 April 2011
                Date accepted : 20 May 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

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