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      Extracurricular activity profiles and wellbeing in middle childhood: A population-level study

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          Abstract

          This study examined profiles of participation in extracurricular activities (ECAs) in 4 th grade children ( N = 27,121; Mean age = 9.20 years; SD = .54; 51% male) in British Columbia, Canada. Latent class analyses were used to establish activity profiles and determine class membership; ANCOVA was used to investigate differences in mental wellbeing (optimism, life satisfaction, self-concept) and perceived overall health between groups. Data came from a cross-sectional, population-level child self-report survey (i.e., the Middle Years Development Instrument) implemented with 4 th grade children in public schools. We found four distinct ECA profiles: participation in “All Activities”, “No activities”, “Sports” (i.e., individual and team sports), and “Individual activities” (i.e., educational programs, arts/music, individual sports). Wellbeing and health scores were highest for children in the “All Activities” and the “Sports” clusters, and lowest for those in “No Activities” and the cluster reflecting individual activities (i.e., “Individual activities”). Results are discussed in the context of previous research, and with respect to practical relevance.

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          Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development

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            Is extracurricular participation associated with beneficial outcomes? Concurrent and longitudinal relations.

            The authors examined the relations between participation in a range of high school extracurricular contexts and developmental outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood among an economically diverse sample of African American and European American youths. In general, when some prior self-selection factors were controlled, 11th graders' participation in school clubs and organized sports was associated with concurrent indicators of academic and psychological adjustment and with drug and alcohol use. In addition, participation in 11th grade school clubs and prosocial activities was associated with educational status and civic engagement at 1 year after high school. A few of the concurrent and longitudinal relations between activity participation and development were moderated by race and gender. Finally, breadth of participation, or number of activity contexts, was associated with positive academic, psychological, and behavioral outcomes.
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              Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout?

              This study examined the relation between involvement in school-based extracurricular activities and early school dropout. Longitudinal assessments were completed for 392 adolescents (206 girls, 186 boys) who were initially interviewed during 7th grade and followed up annually to 12th grade. A person-oriented cluster analysis based on Interpersonal Competence Scale ratings from teachers in middle schools (i.e., 7th-8th grades) identified configurations of boys and girls who differed in social-academic competence. Early school dropout was defined as failure to complete the 11th grade. Findings indicate that the school dropout rate among at-risk students was markedly lower for students who had earlier participated in extracurricular activities compared with those who did not participate (p < .001). However, extracurricular involvement was only modestly related to early school dropout among students who had been judged to be competent or highly competent during middle school.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 July 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 7
                : e0218488
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Population and Public Health (The Human Early Learning Partnership), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
                [2 ] Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, and Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
                Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia (UNED), SPAIN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7815-2563
                Article
                PONE-D-19-04957
                10.1371/journal.pone.0218488
                6619656
                31291278
                73ac2bce-8aa0-444e-9860-179c59cf8da8
                © 2019 Oberle et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 19 February 2019
                : 27 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Eva Oberle received research funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada to conduct the reported research. www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Education
                Schools
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
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                Age Groups
                Children
                Adolescents
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
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                Adolescents
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Sports Science
                Sports
                Biology and Life Sciences
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                Learning
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                Learning
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                Cognitive Psychology
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                Custom metadata
                Data are available upon request from Population Data BC: https://www.popdata.bc.ca/data. Data access is subject to approval by the Data Stewards representing the Human Early Learning Partnership, for ethical and privacy reasons, because the data pertain to individuals. In alignment with regulations for accessing population level data in Canada, data can only be accessed through Population Data BC’s Secure Research Environment cloud server. We enjoyed no special access privileges in accessing data. Data set name: SRE_Master_MDIg4_28905_2016_6_30. Variable names: SD_gend (sex), chl_firstlang_engl (and additional variables indicating other language backgrounds), q68a – q68e (extracurricular activities), Optimism_mean, SWL_mean, Selfconcept_mean, q57 (self reported health).

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