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      Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents in the district of Abidjan in Cote d’Ivoire: a population-based study

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          Abstract

          Background

          World Health Organization has predicted a worldwide rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Cote d’Ivoire is not exempted as evidenced by such factors as obesity and sedentary life style amongst others. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among children and adolescents in the district of Abidjan in Cote d’Ivoire. 

          Methods

          A cross-sectional descriptive survey using a multi-stage sampling approach was conducted from March to April 2013. 1572 children and adolescents aged 02–19 years were surveyed in 687 randomly selected households in three municipalities. Capillary fasting glucose was performed in all subjects, and when abnormal was followed by an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Definitions of Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) and DM (Diabetes Mellitus) were according to International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Guidelines.

          Results

          The prevalence of DM and IFG were 0.4 % and 14.5 % respectively. There was no significant differences between patients with different glycemic status in terms of ethnicity/nationality ( p = 0.98) or gender (0.079). In the rural areas, 565 (81.1 %) subjects were normoglycaemic and 132 (18.9 %) subjects hyperglycaemic while there were 773 (88.3 %) normoglycaemic subjects and 102 (11.7 %) hyperglycaemic subjects respectively from the urban areas of residence and this difference was statistically significant ( p = 0.000). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was identical (0.4 %) in the two age groups (2–9 years and 10–19 years). Seventy-seven (4.9 %) children who participated in the study had at least one diabetic parent. The proportion of participants with a diabetic father (59, 3.8. %) was twice the proportion with a diabetic mother (30,1.9 %) and this was statistically significant ( p = 0.002). Only 10 out of 228 patients with IFG reported for the follow up OGTT and no impaired glucose tolerance was identified in these patients.

          Conclusion

          The prevalence rate of DM among children and adolescents was 0.4 %. Nationwide awareness campaigns and prevention programmes about diabetes in childhood should be instituted and existing ones strengthened. Adequate commitment from the relevant stakeholders especially the country’s ministry of health is also advocated to stem this looming epidemic.

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          Most cited references16

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          Diabetes in Ghana: a community based prevalence study in Greater Accra.

          Data on the prevalence of diabetes in Ghana is scanty and unreliable. In the present study we have ascertained the prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in a random cluster sample of Ghanaians aged 25 years and above from the Greater Accra area of Ghana. Diabetes, IFG and IGT were defined by criteria of the American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization. The mean age of the 4733 subjects involved in the study was 44.3+/-14.7 years, and participation rate was 75%. The crude prevalence of diabetes was 6.3%. Out of 300 subjects with diabetes, 209 (69.7%) had no prior history of the disease. Diabetes, IGT and combined IFG and IGT increased with age. The oldest age group (64+ years) had the highest diabetes prevalence (13.6%). The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes, IFG and IGT, were 6.4, 6.0 and 10.7%, respectively. Diabetes was more common in males than females (7.7 vs. 5.5%) [P<0.05]. Worsening glycaemic status tended to be associated with increase in age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Ascertainment of predictors for diabetes in Ghanaians and the significance of the relatively high rates of and IFG and IGT however, remain to be determined.
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            Differences by sex in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

            Objective To assess differences between men and women in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods In September 2011, the PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for community-based, cross-sectional studies providing sex-specific prevalences of any of the three study conditions among adults living in parts of sub-Saharan Africa (i.e. in Eastern, Middle and Southern Africa according to the United Nations subregional classification for African countries). A random-effects model was then used to calculate and compare the odds of men and women having each condition. Findings In a meta-analysis of the 36 relevant, cross-sectional data sets that were identified, impaired fasting glycaemia was found to be more common in men than in women (OR: 1.56; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.20–2.03), whereas impaired glucose tolerance was found to be less common in men than in women (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72–0.98). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus – which was generally similar in both sexes (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.91–1.11) – was higher among the women in Southern Africa than among the men from the same subregion and lower among the women from Eastern and Middle Africa and from low-income countries of sub-Saharan Africa than among the corresponding men. Conclusion Compared with women in the same subregions, men in Eastern, Middle and Southern Africa were found to have a similar overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus but were more likely to have impaired fasting glycaemia and less likely to have impaired glucose tolerance.
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              Prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabian children and adolescents.

              To determine the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among 0-19 years old Saudi children and adolescents. A nationwide Saudi Arabian project was conducted in the years 2001-2007 with the objective of establishing national growth charts, and defining the prevalence of some chronic childhood diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The 14,000 households were randomly selected based on a recent population statistic. The questionnaire used included demographic data and evidence of diabetes mellitus. The prevalence was estimated and expressed per 100,000. Breakdown of this figure per age and region was carried out. In the 11,874 out of the 14,000 84.9% selected households, 45,682 children and adolescents were surveyed. Fifty children and adolescents were identified to have type 1 diabetes mellitus with a prevalence rate of 109.5 per 100,000. The male to female ratio was almost equal (26 males and 24 females). The distribution of prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus by region shows that the highest was 162 in the central region, and the lowest was 48 in the eastern region. Children and adolescents were also grouped by age into 5-6 (prevalence 100), 7-12 (prevalence 109), 13-16 (prevalence 243), and 17-18 (prevalence 150). We conclude that the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabian children and adolescents is 109.5 per 100,000.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                agbreyace@yahoo.fr
                08023037113 , ebikike@yahoo.com
                abiolaoduwole@gmail.com
                dominique_ake@yahoo.fr
                sfadabidjan@yahoo.fr
                Journal
                J Diabetes Metab Disord
                J Diabetes Metab Disord
                Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders
                BioMed Central (London )
                2251-6581
                20 September 2016
                20 September 2016
                2015
                : 15
                : 38
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre Anti-diabétique, Institut National de Santé Publique, BP V47 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
                [2 ]Paediatric Endocrinology Training Centre for West Africa, LUTH, Lagos, Nigeria
                [3 ]Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital./Paediatric Endocrinology Training Centre for West Africa, LUTH, Lagos, Nigeria
                [4 ]Pharmacie et Laboratoire de Nutrition, INSP, BP V 47 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
                [5 ]UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix-Houphouët-Boigny, BP V 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
                [6 ]Service d’Endocrinologie diabétologie, CHU yopougon 23, BP 632 Abidjan 23, Côte d’Ivoire
                [7 ]UFR Sciences Médicales d’Abidjan/Université Félix Houphouet Boigny de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
                Article
                261
                10.1186/s40200-016-0261-7
                5029071
                27679783
                73ad0775-245f-472a-8efd-0d981f90a036
                © The Author(s). 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 13 July 2016
                : 11 September 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes
                Funded by: CRESARCI (LID Grant of WHO/HRH)
                Funded by: National Institute of Public Health in Côte d’Ivoire (INSP).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                diabetes mellitus,children,adolescents,abidjan,cote d’ivoire,fasting blood glucose

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