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      Monitoring effectiveness of programmes to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in lower-income countries Translated title: Suivi de l'efficacité des programmes visant à prévenir la transmission du VIH de la mère à l'enfant dans les pays à faible revenu Translated title: Vigilancia de la eficacia de los programas de prevención de la transmisión del VIH de la madre al niño en los países de ingresos bajos

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          Abstract

          Ambitious goals for paediatric AIDS control have been set by various international bodies, including a 50% reduction in new paediatric infections by 2010. While these goals are clearly appropriate in their scope, the lack of clarity and consensus around how to monitor the effectiveness of programmes to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) makes it difficult for policy-makers to mount a coordinated response. In this paper, we develop the case for using population HIV-free child survival as a gold standard metric to measure the effectiveness of PMTCT programmes, and go on to consider multiple study designs and source populations. Finally, we propose a novel community survey-based approach that could be implemented widely throughout the developing world with minor modifications to ongoing Demographic and Health Surveys.

          Translated abstract

          Des objectifs ambitieux en matière de lutte contre le VIH/sida en milieu pédiatrique ont été fixés par divers organismes internationaux, et notamment la réduction de moitié du nombre de nouveaux cas d'infection pédiatrique d'ici 2010. Même si ces objectifs sont tout à fait pertinents dans leur contexte, le manque de clarté et de consensus quant aux personnes devant surveiller l'efficacité des programmes de prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH (PMTCT) s'oppose à l'obtention d'une réponse coordonnée de la part des décideurs. Cet article présente les arguments en faveur de l'utilisation du taux de survie des enfants sans contamination par le VIH dans la population comme instrument de mesure clé de l'efficacité des programmes de PMTCT et examine divers types d'étude et plusieurs populations sources. Il propose en conclusion une approche novatrice, reposant sur des enquêtes en communauté, qui pourrait être mise en œuvre à grande échelle dans le monde en développement, moyennant l'apport de modifications mineures aux enquêtes démographiques et sanitaires en cours.

          Translated abstract

          Diversos órganos internacionales han fijado metas ambiciosas para la lucha contra el SIDA pediátrico, en particular una reducción del 50% de las nuevas infecciones pediátricas para 2010. Aunque se trata de metas indudablemente acertadas en cuanto a su alcance, la falta de claridad y consenso respecto a la manera de vigilar la eficacia de los programas de prevención de la transmisión del VIH de la madre al niño (PTMN) es un obstáculo para que las instancias normativas articulen una respuesta coordinada. Se aportan aquí argumentos para utilizar la supervivencia infantil sin infección por VIH en la población como criterio de referencia para medir la eficacia de los programas de PTMN, y se examinan luego varios diseños de estudio y poblaciones de diverso origen. Por último, proponemos un nuevo enfoque basado en encuestas comunitarias que podría implementarse ampliamente en todo el mundo en desarrollo introduciendo pequeños cambios en las actuales Encuestas de Demografía y Salud.

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          Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial.

          The AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 076 zidovudine prophylaxis regimen for HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their babies has been associated with a significant decrease in vertical HIV-1 transmission in non-breastfeeding women in developed countries. We compared the safety and efficacy of short-course nevirapine or zidovudine during labour and the first week of life. From November, 1997, to April, 1999, we enrolled 626 HIV-1-infected pregnant women at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. We randomly assigned mothers nevirapine 200 mg orally at onset of labour and 2 mg/kg to babies within 72 h of birth, or zidovudine 600 mg orally to the mother at onset of labour and 300 mg every 3 h until delivery, and 4 mg/kg orally twice daily to babies for 7 days after birth. We tested babies for HIV-1 infection at birth, 6-8 weeks, and 14-16 weeks by HIV-1 RNA PCR. We assessed HIV-1 transmission and HIV-1-free survival with Kaplan-Meier analysis. Nearly all babies (98.8%) were breastfed, and 95.6% were still breastfeeding at age 14-16 weeks. The estimated risks of HIV-1 transmission in the zidovudine and nevirapine groups were: 10.4% and 8.2% at birth (p=0.354); 21.3% and 11.9% by age 6-8 weeks (p=0.0027); and 25.1% and 13.1% by age 14-16 weeks (p=0.0006). The efficacy of nevirapine compared with zidovudine was 47% (95% CI 20-64) up to age 14-16 weeks. The two regimens were well tolerated and adverse events were similar in the two groups. Nevirapine lowered the risk of HIV-1 transmission during the first 14-16 weeks of life by nearly 50% in a breastfeeding population. This simple and inexpensive regimen could decrease mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in less-developed countries.
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            Validity of verbal autopsy procedures for determining cause of death in Tanzania.

            To validate verbal autopsy (VA) procedures for use in sample vital registration. Verbal autopsy is an important method for deriving cause-specific mortality estimates where disease burdens are greatest and routine cause-specific mortality data do not exist. Verbal autopsies and medical records (MR) were collected for 3123 deaths in the perinatal/neonatal period, post-neonatal <5 age group, and for ages of 5 years and over in Tanzania. Causes of death were assigned by physician panels using the International Classification of Disease, revision 10. Validity was measured by: cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMF); sensitivity; specificity and positive predictive value. Medical record diagnoses were scored for degree of uncertainty, and sensitivity and specificity adjusted. Criteria for evaluating VA performance in generating true proportional mortality were applied. Verbal autopsy produced accurate CSMFs for nine causes in different age groups: birth asphyxia; intrauterine complications; pneumonia; HIV/AIDS; malaria (adults); tuberculosis; cerebrovascular diseases; injuries and direct maternal causes. Results for 20 other causes approached the threshold for good performance. Verbal autopsy reliably estimated CSMFs for diseases of public health importance in all age groups. Further validation is needed to assess reasons for lack of positive results for some conditions.
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              Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised trial.

              In Africa, the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection is high. Short-course perinatal oral zidovudine might decrease the rate of transmission. We assessed the safety and efficacy of such a regimen among HIV-1-seropositive breastfeeding women in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. From April, 1996, to February, 1998, all consenting, eligible HIV-1-seropositive pregnant women attending a public antenatal clinic in Abidjan were enrolled at 36 weeks' gestation and randomly assigned placebo or zidovudine (300 mg tablets), one tablet twice daily until the onset of labour, one tablet at onset of labour, and one tablet every 3 h until delivery. We used HIV-1-DNA PCR to test the infection status of babies at birth, 4 weeks, and 3 months. We stopped the study on Feb 18, 1998, when efficacy results were available from a study in Bangkok, Thailand, in which the same regimen was used in a non-breastfeeding population. 280 women were enrolled (140 in each group). The median duration of the prenatal drug regimen was 27 days (range 1-80) and the median duration of labour was 7.5 h. Treatment was well tolerated with no withdrawals because of adverse events. All babies were breastfed. Among babies with known infection status at age 3 months, 30 (26.1%) of 115 babies in the placebo group and 19 (16.5%) of 115 in the zidovudine group were identified as HIV-1 infected. The estimated risk of HIV-1 transmission in the placebo and zidovudine groups were 21.7% and 12.2% (p=0.05) at 4 weeks, and 24.9% and 15.7% (p=0.07) at 3 months. Efficacy was 44% (95% CI -1 to 69) at age 4 weeks and 37% (-5 to 63) at 3 months. Short-course oral zidovudine was safe, well tolerated, and decreased mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 at age 3 months. Substantial efforts will be needed to ensure successful widespread implementation of such a regimen.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                January 2008
                : 86
                : 1
                : 57-62
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia Zambia
                [2 ] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention USA
                [3 ] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention USA
                [4 ] Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board Cameroon
                [5 ] Universite Victor Segalen France
                [6 ] Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Cote Ivoire
                Article
                S0042-96862008000100016
                10.2471/BLT.07.043117
                73dd24b2-887c-486c-bce4-ef655bdb0051

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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