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      A tailored polylactic acid/polycaprolactone biodegradable and bioactive 3D porous scaffold containing gelatin nanofibers and Taurine for bone regeneration

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          Abstract

          The focus of the current study was to develop a functional and bioactive scaffold through the combination of 3D polylactic acid (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL) with gelatin nanofibers (GNFs) and Taurine (Tau) for bone defect regeneration. GNFs were fabricated via electrospinning dispersed in PLA/PCL polymer solution, Tau with different concentrations was added, and the polymer solution converted into a 3D and porous scaffold via the thermally-induced phase separation technique. The characterization results showed that the scaffolds have interconnected pores with the porosity of up to 90%. Moreover, Tau increased the wettability and weight loss rate, while compromised the compressive strengths. The scaffolds were hemo- and cytocompatible and supported cell viability and proliferation. The in vivo studies showed that the defects treated with scaffolds filled with new bone. The computed tomography (CT) imaging and histopathological observation revealed that the PLA/PCL/Gel/Tau 10% provided the highest new bone formation, angiogenesis, and woven bone among the treatment groups. Our finding illustrated that the fabricated scaffold was able to regenerate bone within the defect and can be considered as the effective scaffold for bone tissue engineering application.

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          Skeleton of Euplectella sp.: structural hierarchy from the nanoscale to the macroscale.

          Structural materials in nature exhibit remarkable designs with building blocks, often hierarchically arranged from the nanometer to the macroscopic length scales. We report on the structural properties of biosilica observed in the hexactinellid sponge Euplectella sp. Consolidated, nanometer-scaled silica spheres are arranged in well-defined microscopic concentric rings glued together by organic matrix to form laminated spicules. The assembly of these spicules into bundles, effected by the laminated silica-based cement, results in the formation of a macroscopic cylindrical square-lattice cagelike structure reinforced by diagonal ridges. The ensuing design overcomes the brittleness of its constituent material, glass, and shows outstanding mechanical rigidity and stability. The mechanical benefits of each of seven identified hierarchical levels and their comparison with common mechanical engineering strategies are discussed.
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            Bone-grafting and bone-graft substitutes.

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              Synthetic bone graft substitutes.

              Replacement of extensive local bone loss is a significant clinical challenge. There are a variety of techniques available to the surgeon to manage this problem, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. It is well known that there is morbidity associated with harvesting of autogenous bone graft and limitations in the quantity of bone available. Alternatively allografts have been reported to have a significant incidence of postoperative infection and fracture as well as the potential risk of disease transmission. During the past 30 years a variety of synthetic bone graft substitutes has been developed with the aim to minimize these complications. The benefits of synthetic grafts include availability, sterility and reduced morbidity. The present article examines the relevance of synthetic bone graft substitutes, their mechanical properties and clinical application.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                msalehi.te1392@gmail.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                7 August 2020
                7 August 2020
                2020
                : 10
                : 13366
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
                [2 ]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences and Technologies, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
                [4 ]GRID grid.411463.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0706 2472, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, , Islamic Azad University, ; Tehran, Iran
                [5 ]GRID grid.444688.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1775 3076, National Institute of Technology, ; Raipur, India
                [6 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
                [7 ]GRID grid.411135.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0415 3047, Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, , Fasa University of Medical Sciences, ; Fasa, Iran
                [8 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
                [9 ]GRID grid.444858.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8816, Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, , Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, ; Shahroud, Iran
                [10 ]GRID grid.444858.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8816, Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, , Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, ; Shahroud, Iran
                Article
                70155
                10.1038/s41598-020-70155-2
                7414882
                32770114
                73dd594e-bdb8-4603-99ba-cea7fa6b1cdf
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 12 May 2020
                : 14 July 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012286, Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences;
                Award ID: 97544
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                biomaterials,tissues
                Uncategorized
                biomaterials, tissues

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