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      Fatigue and Depression in Iranian Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients in Tehran in 2012

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with a progressive and rapid course. Fatigue and depression are common among ALS patients. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between depression and fatigue in Iranian ALS patients.

          Methods

          In this 2012 cross-sectional study, 40 ALS patients, including 22 females and 18 males, were selected through consecutive relapsing-remitting, and 40 age- and gender-matched health controls (HCs) were recruited from Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The Persian version of the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS-Per) questionnaire and depression substance of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to assess fatigue and depression. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Sminov Test, Levene’s test, Independent Samples t-test, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.

          Results

          We identified a significant and positive relationship between fatigue and depression in patients with ALS (p=0.000). Furthermore, the scores of fatigue and depression in ALS patients were higher than in non-ALS patients.

          Conclusion

          The results indicated that there was a relationship between fatigue and depression in ALS patients and that early intervention services can improve these symptoms. Further studies are suggested to investigate the direction of such relationship.

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          The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version

          Ali Montazeri, Behnaz Torkan, Sepideh Omidvari (2007)
          Background The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a widely used instrument to measure postnatal depression. This study aimed to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the EPDS in Iran. Methods The English language version of the EPDS was translated into Persian (Iranian language) and was used in this study. The questionnaire was administered to a consecutive sample of 100 women with normal (n = 50) and caesarean section (n = 50) deliveries at two points in time: 6 to 8 weeks and 12 to 14 weeks after delivery. Statistical analysis was performed to test the reliability and validity of the EPDS. Results Overall 22% of women at time 1 and 18% at time 2 reported experiencing postpartum depression. In general, the Iranian version of the EPDS was found to be acceptable to almost all women. Cronbach's alpha coefficient (to test reliability) was found to be 0.77 at time 1 and 0.86 at time 2. In addition, test-rest reliability was performed and the intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be 0.80. Validity as performed using known groups comparison showed satisfactory results. The questionnaire discriminated well between sub-groups of women differing in mode of delivery in the expected direction. The factor analysis indicated a three-factor structure that jointly accounted for 58% of the variance. Conclusion This preliminary validation study of the Iranian version of the EPDS proved that it is an acceptable, reliable and valid measure of postnatal depression. It seems that the EPDS not only measures postpartum depression but also may be measuring something more.
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            Fatigue and depression are associated with poor quality of life in ALS.

            Dara Reeves, Theodore Benice, G Sexton … (2003)
            Twenty-five ALS subjects filled out five questionnaires: the ALS Functional Rating Scale, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, multidimensional McGill Quality of Life, Center of Epidemiologic Study--Depression Scale, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Fatigue, depression, and excessive somnolence are more pronounced in ALS subjects than in normal controls. Both fatigue and depression are associated with poorer quality of life in subjects with ALS, and should be treated aggressively.
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              Psychological wellbeing and quality of life in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review.

              Francesco Pagnini (2012)
              Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with a progressive and rapid course that, so far, cannot be stopped or reversed. The psychological impact of the disease is huge, on both patients and caregivers. This review summarizes studies that have investigated quality of life, depression, anxiety, pain, spiritual and existential issues, hope, and hopelessness in the ALS field, with attention to both patients and their caregivers. Psychological support and the possible role of psychologists in the ALS field are also discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Electron Physician
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Electron Physician
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Electronic physician
                Title: Electronic Physician
                Publisher: Electronic physician
                ISSN (Electronic): 2008-5842
                Publication date Collection: March 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 March 2016
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 2194-2198
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Master in Personality Psychology, Education and Psychology Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
                [2 ]Master in General Psychology, Education and Psychology Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]Master in Clinical psychology, Education and Psychology Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch, Roudehen, Iran
                [4 ]Lecturer in Rehabilitation Science, University of Applied Sciences, Tehran Welfare Organization, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Azizreza Ghasemzadeh. University of Applied Sciences, Tehran Welfare Organization, Tehran, Iran., Tel: +98. 9331332853, E-mail: a.ghasemzadeh@ 123456irimc.org
                Article
                Publisher ID: epj-08-2194
                DOI: 10.19082/2194
                PMC ID: 4844488
                PubMed ID: 27123230
                SO-VID: 740d307a-0379-4a17-824c-0e0e6648af26
                Copyright © © 2016 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 25 July 2015
                Date accepted : 12 November 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,fatigue,depression,iran
                Data availability:
                Keywords: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, fatigue, depression, iran

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