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      Biomedical Evaluation of Lansium parasiticum Extract-Protected Silver Nanoparticles Against Haemonchus contortus, a Parasitic Worm

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          Abstract

          Here we show the novel anti-helminthic potential of Lansium parasiticum aqueous extract-protected silver nanoparticles (LAgNPs) against albendazole-resistant gastrointestinal parasite Haemonchus contortus. LAgNPs showed LD 50 values of 65.6 ± 32.8 nM (12 h), 139.6 ± 39.9 nM (12 h), and 64.3 ± 8.5 nM (24 h) against adult male, female, and L3 larvae, respectively. LAgNPs was also quite effective in inhibiting egg hatching, with an IC 50 value of 144.4 ± 3.1 nM at 48 h of exposure. Exposure to LAgNPs generated oxidative stress and mediated physical damage in the worms' tissue. A sharp increase in reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide synthase levels was prominent due to LAgNPs' exposure. In response to oxidative stress, a sharp increase of stress-responsive enzymes' activity, like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with the concentration of glutathione, was observed in worm tissue, which indicated a LAgNP-responsive alteration of metabolism. The results give rise to the opportunity for the development of alternative treatment for drug-resistant parasitic worms.

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          A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise

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            Drug resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance: a status report.

            Ray Kaplan (2004)
            Reports of drug resistance have been made in every livestock host and to every anthelmintic class. In some regions of world, the extremely high prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in nematodes of sheep and goats threatens the viability of small-ruminant industries. Resistance in nematodes of horses and cattle has not yet reached the levels seen in small ruminants, but evidence suggests that the problems of resistance, including MDR worms, are also increasing in these hosts. There is an urgent need to develop both novel non-chemical approaches for parasite control and molecular assays capable of detecting resistant worms.
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              Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm.

              The three main soil-transmitted helminth infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm, are common clinical disorders in man. The gastrointestinal tract of a child living in poverty in a less developed country is likely to be parasitised with at least one, and in many cases all three soil-transmitted helminths, with resultant impairments in physical, intellectual, and cognitive development. The benzimidazole anthelmintics, mebendazole and albendazole, are commonly used to remove these infections. The use of these drugs is not limited to treatment of symptomatic soil-transmitted helminth infections, but also for large-scale prevention of morbidity in children living in endemic areas. As a result of data showing improvements in child health and education after deworming, and the burden of disease attributed to soil-transmitted helminths, the worldwide community is awakening to the importance of these infections. Concerns about the sustainability of periodic deworming with benzimidazole anthelmintics and the emergence of resistance have prompted efforts to develop and test new control tools.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Mol Biosci
                Front Mol Biosci
                Front. Mol. Biosci.
                Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-889X
                17 December 2020
                2020
                : 7
                : 595646
                Affiliations
                [1] 1School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
                [2] 2Department of Veterinary Parasitology , Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
                [3] 3Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology-Virginia Tech (USA) Center for Excellence in Material Sciences , Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
                Author notes

                Edited by: Amit Prasad, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India

                Reviewed by: Krishna Mohan Poluri, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India; Hem Chandra Jha, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India

                *Correspondence: Lachhman Das Singla ldsingla@ 123456gmail.com
                Diptiman Choudhury diptiman@ 123456thapar.edu

                This article was submitted to Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences

                Article
                10.3389/fmolb.2020.595646
                7773940
                33392256
                740ecf89-9714-4f0d-8ae7-88c7a1b0f993
                Copyright © 2020 Goel, Kaur, Singla and Choudhury.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 17 August 2020
                : 16 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 3, Equations: 3, References: 77, Pages: 14, Words: 9874
                Categories
                Molecular Biosciences
                Original Research

                phytochemical analysis,antioxidant activity,reactive oxygen species,nitric oxide synthase,silver nanoparticles,haemonchus contortus,lansium parasiticum

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