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      Anticoccidial effects of the Plantago asiatica extract on experimental Eimeria tenella infection

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          Abstract

          Anticoccidial effects of the Plantago asiatica extract (PAE) were evaluated in chickens following oral infection with Eimeria (E.) tenella. This study was conducted on the 3-day-old chickens ( n=30). Those animals were divided with 3 groups; PAE 0.1% treated/infected ( n=10), PAE untreated/infected ( n=10) and non-infected control ( n=10). Chickens were fed a standard diet supplemented with or without PAE for 1 week prior to infection with E. tenella (10,000 sporulated oocysts per chicken). The effects of PAE on E. tenella infection were assessed by two parameters; fecal oocysts shedding and body weights gain. The PAE-fed chickens produced significantly reduced fecal oocysts ( P<0.05) when compared to the E. tenella-infected group fed standard diet. Also, PAE-based diet, improved body weight loss caused by E. tenella infection. Our data demonstrated that PAE had remarkable anticoccidial activities against E. tenella. This finding might have implications for the development of anticoccidial drug. This study is the first to demonstrate anticoccidial effect of PAE on Eimeria parasites.

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          Poultry coccidiosis: recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development.

          Rami A. Dalloul, H Lillehoj (2006)
          Coccidiosis is recognized as the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan protozoan Eimeria. Coccidiosis seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of infected animals resulting in loss of productivity. Conventional disease control strategies rely heavily on chemoprophylaxis and, to a certain extent, live vaccines. Combined, these factors inflict tremendous economic losses to the world poultry industry in excess of USD 3 billion annually. Increasing regulations and bans on the use of anticoccidial drugs coupled with the associated costs in developing new drugs and live vaccines increases the need for the development of novel approaches and alternative control strategies for coccidiosis. This paper aims to review the current progress in understanding the host immune response to Eimeria and discuss current and potential strategies being developed for coccidiosis control in poultry.
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            Assessment of antioxidant activity by using different in vitro methods.

            M Harwat, V Böhm, R Bitsch … (2002)
            In this study, six common tests for measuring antioxidant activity were evaluated by comparing four antioxidants and applying them to beverages (tea and juices): Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay (TEAC I-III assay), Total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter assay (TRAP assay), 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH assay), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylendiamine assay (DMPD assay), Photochemiluminescence assay (PCL assay) and Ferric reducing ability of plasma assay (FRAP assay). The antioxidants included gallic acid representing the group of polyphenols, uric acid as the main antioxidant in human plasma, ascorbic acid as a vitamin widely spread in fruits and Trolox as water soluble vitamin E analogue. The six methods presented can be divided into two groups depending on the oxidising reagent. Five methods use organic radical producers (TEAC I-III, TRAP, DPPH, DMPD, PCL) and one method works with metal ions for oxidation (FRAP). Another difference between these tests is the reaction procedure. Three assays use the delay in oxidation and determine the lag phase as parameter for the antioxidant activity (TEAC I, TRAP, PCL). They determine the delay of radical generation as well as the ability to scavenge the radical. In contrast, the assays TEAC II and III, DPPH, DMPD and FRAP analyse the ability to reduce the radical cation (TEAC II and III, DPPH, DMPD) or the ferric ion (FRAP). The three tests acting by radical reduction use preformed radicals and determine the decrease in absorbance while the FRAP assay measures the formed ferrous ions by increased absorbance. Gallic acid was the strongest antioxidant in all tests with exception of the DMPD assay. In contrast, uric acid and ascorbic acid showed low activity in some assays. Most of the assays determine the antioxidant activity in the micromolar range needing minutes to hours. Only one assay (PCL) is able to analyse the antioxidant activity in the nanomolar range. Black currant juice showed highest antioxidant activity in all tests compared to tea, apple juice and tomato juice. Despite these differences, results of these in vitro assays give an idea of the protective efficacy of secondary plant products. It is strongly recommended to use at least two methods due to the differences between the test systems investigated.
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              Efficacy and safety of traditional medical therapies for chronic constipation: systematic review.

              Davendra Ramkumar, P. Rao (2005)
              Constipation is common, and its treatment is unsatisfactory. Although many agents have been tried, there are limited data to support their use. Our aim was to undertake a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of traditional medical therapies for chronic constipation and to make evidence-based recommendations. We searched the English literature for drug trials evaluating treatment of constipation by using MEDLINE and PUBMED databases from 1966 to 2003. Only studies that were randomized, conducted on adult subjects, and published as full manuscripts were included. Studies were assigned a quality score based on published methodology. Standard forms were used to abstract data regarding study design, duration, outcome measures, and adverse events. By using the cumulative evidence of published data for each agent, recommendations were made regarding their use following the United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines. Good evidence (Grade A) was found to support the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and tegaserod. Moderate evidence (Grade B) was found to support the use of psyllium, and lactulose. There was a paucity of quality data regarding many commonly used agents including milk of magnesia, senna, bisacodyl, and stool softeners. There is good evidence to support the use of PEG, tegaserod, lactulose, and psyllium. Surprisingly, there is a paucity of trials for many commonly used agents. These aspects should be considered when designing trials comparing new agents with traditional therapies because their use may not be well validated.
              Article 0 comments Cited 67 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Lab Anim Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Lab Anim Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): LAR
                Title: Laboratory Animal Research
                Publisher: Korean Association for Laboratory Animal Science
                ISSN (Print): 1738-6055
                ISSN (Electronic): 2233-7660
                Publication date (Print): March 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 March 2016
                Volume: 32
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 65-69
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pet and Plant Protection, Gyeongju University, 188 Taejong-ro, Gyeongju 38065, Korea.
                [2 ]Center for Animal Resource Development, Animal Disease Research Unit, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandaero, Iksan 54538, Korea.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Okjin Kim, Center for Animal Resources Development, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. Tel: +82-63-850-6668; Fax: +82-63-850-7308; kimoj@ 123456wku.ac.kr
                Article
                DOI: 10.5625/lar.2016.32.1.65
                PMC ID: 4816998
                PubMed ID: 27051444
                SO-VID: 741c9fb3-c62b-4146-b333-9340017cc7c8
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 Korean Association for Laboratory Animal Science
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 24 October 2015
                Date revision received : 09 December 2015
                Date accepted : 04 January 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Letter

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: anticoccidial activity,antiprotozoa,eimeria tenella,eimeria,plantago asiatica
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: anticoccidial activity, antiprotozoa, eimeria tenella, eimeria, plantago asiatica

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